Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors ice detection: Methodologies and performance

González, María Trinidad Galván; Frövel, Malte

doi:10.1016/j.sna.2022.113778

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Furthermore, some sensors are capable of providing specific relevant icing parameters like liquid water content and median volume diameter, which is considered as very beneficial as input for the hybrid ice detection system (see next section). Example results for the technologies FOD (INTA), LILD (DLR) and AIP (AeroTex) for detecting small and large droplet conditions have been shown in [9] and in more detail in [13], [14] and [15].…”

Section: Direct Ice Detection Technology Iwt Testing and Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

SENS4ICE EU Project Preliminary Results

Schwarz¹

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The EU Horizon 2020 project SENS4ICE addresses reliable detection and discrimination of supercooled large droplets (SLD) icing conditions. These conditions are considered as particularly safety-relevant and have been included in airplane certification specifications. The SENS4ICE project comprises technology development, icing wind tunnel upgrading/testing and flight testing. A novel hybrid approach for icing detection combines direct sensing (atmospheric conditions / ice accretion) with an indirect technique based on changing aircraft characteristics. The first part of the project was devoted to the development and maturation of icing detection technologies, with a focus on Appendix O (of 14 CFR Part 25 and CS-25) icing conditions. Furthermore, several icing wind tunnel facilities have improved capabilities to represent Appendix O conditions. Icing wind tunnel testing (including Appendix O) of several icing detection sensors developed in the SENS4ICE project concluded the first part of the project. Examples of initial results are presented. The second part of the project is dedicated to flight testing of icing technologies in natural icing conditions including Appendix O. Two flight test campaigns in early 2023 served to test and demonstrate eight of the direct ice detection technologies under development as well as the hybrid ice detection system, including the indirect ice detection system. Extensive meteorological and climatological analysis was done in order to have the best chances to encounter icing conditions including Appendix O conditions.</div></div>

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Section: Direct Ice Detection Technology Iwt Testing and Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

SENS4ICE EU Project Preliminary Results

Schwarz¹

2023

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…Existing studies have proposed a variety of identification technologies for SLD environment [11][12][13]. According to the different detection methods, SLD icing detection technology can be divided into direct detection and indirect detection [14][15][16]. Among them, the probe technology used in indirect detection has significant advantages in flexibility and feasibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on Icing Classification Method Based on Wind Tunnel Test with Double Impact Surface Probe

Liu,

Huang,

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Facing supercooled large water droplet environment, an effective ice detection method is a prerequisite to implement the avoidance strategy and get out of the icing environment of SLD as soon as possible. Fiber-optic icing sensors were arranged on the double impact surface probe. The probe was used for icing wind tunnel test. Different machine learning algorithms were used to establish the classification method of icing conditions based on multi-sensor ice thickness information fusion. An appropriate algorithm was selected for the classification method to detect icing conditions. The icing classification method based on SVM could effectively distinguish the conventional water droplet icing condition from the SLD icing condition, and it has significant potential on aviation industry application.

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“…To ensure the safety of aircraft operating in SLD environments, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) revised FAR 25 in 2014, and Appendix O was added in FAR 25. This new regulation requires aircraft to meet the specific requirements for SLD icing conditions outlined in Appendix O, which poses significant challenges for aircraft compliance verification [2]. The rotating spinner is a critical part of the aircraft engine, and its icing can result in a reduction in effective flow area and loss of engine thrust.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Investigation of Supercooled Large Droplets Impingement Characteristics of the Rotating Spinner

Jia,

Zhang

2024

International Journal of Aerospace Engineering

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Aircraft engine icing caused by supercooled large droplets (SLD) poses a significant threat to flight safety. In this paper, the SLD impingement characteristics of the rotating spinner were investigated using FLUENT UDS and the governing equations for water droplet motion were solved based on the Eulerian method. The droplet breakup was simulated using the number density equation, while the droplet rebound and splashing were simulated using a semiempirical model. The effects of rotational speed, droplet diameter, and inflow velocity on the SLD impingement characteristics of the rotating spinner were studied. Some new valuable insights have been found for the SLD impingement. The results indicated that as the rotational speed increases, the local collection efficiency of the rotating spinner decreases. Higher rotational speed results in reduced droplet impingement angle and stronger droplet rebound and splashing. For the droplets with diameters smaller than 111 μm, the local collection efficiency increases with the increase of the droplet diameter. However, when the droplet diameter exceeds 111 μm, the local collection efficiency decreases near the leading edge of the rotating spinner. Additionally, the local collection efficiency decreases as the inflow velocity increases near the leading edge of the rotating spinner. However, higher inflow velocities lead to larger droplet impingement angles, resulting in higher local collection efficiency near the tail of the rotating spinner. The critical impingement angle increases with the increase of the inflow velocity, leading to a more pronounced rebound and splashing of SLD. The research in this paper provides useful help for ice shape prediction and anti-icing system design of rotating spinner in SLD environment.

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Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors ice detection: Methodologies and performance

Cited by 16 publications

References 22 publications

SENS4ICE EU Project Preliminary Results

SENS4ICE EU Project Preliminary Results

Research on Icing Classification Method Based on Wind Tunnel Test with Double Impact Surface Probe

Numerical Investigation of Supercooled Large Droplets Impingement Characteristics of the Rotating Spinner

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