Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composite Selection for the Composite Cross-Arm Core

Jahangiri, Tohid; Wang, Qian; Silva, Filipe Miguel Faria da; Bak, Claus Leth

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17843-7_2

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Based on previous literature, the current cross arm in transmission tower used pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (PGFRP) composites [85,86]. Previously, Chengal wood cross arm was applied to the transmission tower since 1963 due to its ability to arc quench lightning strikes and has better mechanical performance [87,88]. However, the wooden cross arm seemed to degrade and started to fail due to natural wood defect and attack from termites and microbes [89].…”

Section: Pgfrp Composite: Current Cross Arm's Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review

Asyraf

Ishak

Sapuan

et al. 2020

International Journal of Polymer Science

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Recently, advanced technologies exploit materials from nonrenewable resources such as petroleum, natural gas, metal ores, and minerals. Since the depletion of these resources and environmental issues, it has brought attention to researchers to progress in the development of biodegradable materials from green composites. Most biofibres and biopolymers are obtained from agricultural waste products either from stem, leaf, stalk, or fruit. Nowadays, green composites with well-regulated life span have been widely discussed in numerous fields and applications. Some studies have shown that biofibres and biopolymers have comparable mechanical, thermal, and physical properties with glass fibre and other synthetic polymers. Thus, researchers are progressively narrowing down the development of green composite materials in many high strength applications, such as house deck and automotive components. This review focuses on the background of green composites (natural fibres and biopolymers), the manufacturing processes, potential applications in cross arm structures, and testing evaluations. This article also focuses on the specific current cross arm configurations and the pultrusion process to form squared hollow section beams. Many open issues and ideas for potential applications of green composites are analysed, and further emphases are given on the development of environmentally friendly material structures. Hence, the article is expected to deliver a state-of-art review on manufacturability and perspectives of natural fibre reinforced biopolymer composite cross arms for transmission towers.

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Section: Pgfrp Composite: Current Cross Arm's Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review

Asyraf

Ishak

Sapuan

et al. 2020

International Journal of Polymer Science

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“…According to previous studies, the GFRP composite cross-arm compr glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites [59,60]. The glass fi was chosen as the cross-arms building material for its excellent bending tensile properties and remarkable thermal and electrical insulation properti GFRP composite is commonly fabricated from E-glass fiber reinforced wit polyester (UPE) resin with a ratio of 37:63 in order to achieve optimum perfo the pultrusion process [63,64].…”

Section: Materials Assignationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to previous studies, the GFRP composite cross-arm comprises pultruded glass fiber reinforced unsaturated polyester composites [59,60]. The glass fiber composite was chosen as the cross-arms building material for its excellent bending strength, high tensile properties and remarkable thermal and electrical insulation properties [61,62].…”

Section: Materials Assignationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Analysis of Full Assembly Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arm in Transmission Tower

et al. 2022

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The usage of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new compared to wood timber cross-arms. In this case, many research works conducted experiments on composite cross-arms, either in coupon or full-scale size. However, none performed finite element (FE) analyses on full-scale composite cross-arms under actual working load and broken wire conditions. Thus, this work evaluates the performance of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite cross-arm tubes in 275 kV transmission towers using FE analysis. In this study, the performance analysis was run mimicking actual normal and broken wire conditions with five and three times more than working loads (WL). The full-scale assembly load test experiment outcomes were used to validate the FE analysis. Furthermore, the mechanical properties values of the GFRP composite were incorporated in simulation analysis based on the previous experimental work on coupons samples of GFRP tubes. Additionally, parametric studies were performed to determine the ultimate applied load and factor of safety for both normal and broken wire loading conditions. This research discovered that the GFRP composite cross-arm could withstand the applied load of five times and three times working load (WL) for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively. In addition, the factor of safety of tubes was 1.08 and 1.1 for normal and broken wire conditions, respectively, which can be considered safe to use. Hence, the composite cross-arms can sustain load two times more than the design requirement, which is two times the working load for normal conditions. In future studies, it is recommended to analyze the fatigue properties of the composite due to wind loading, which may induce failure in long-term service.

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“…These phenomena subsequently allow the material to become fractured [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The current composite cross-arm is considered as an anisotropic material because it is fabricated from E-glass fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composite via pultrusion [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. In some cases, this composite material experiences the instability of fiber interfacial strength, which disturbs the mechanical strength of the material structure because creep rupture is induced [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses

et al. 2021

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The application of pultruded glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (PGFRPCs) as a replacement for conventional wooden cross-arms in transmission towers is relatively new. Although numerous studies have conducted creep tests on coupon-scale PGFRPC cross-arms, none had performed creep analyses on full-scale PGFRPC cross-arms under actual working load conditions. Thus, this work proposed to study the influence of an additional bracing system on the creep responses of PGFRPC cross-arms in a 132 kV transmission tower. The creep behaviors and responses of the main members in current and braced PGFRPC cross-arm designs were compared and evaluated in a transmission tower under actual working conditions. These PGFRPC cross-arms were subjected to actual working loads mimicking the actual weight of electrical cables and insulators for a duration of 1000 h. The cross-arms were installed on a custom test rig in an open area to simulate the actual environment of tropical climate conditions. Further creep analysis was performed by using Findley and Burger models on the basis of experimental data to link instantaneous and extended (transient and viscoelastic) creep strains. The addition of braced arms to the structure reduced the total strain of a cross-arm’s main member beams and improved elastic and viscous moduli. The addition of bracing arms improved the structural integrity and stiffness of the cross-arm structure. The findings of this study suggested that the use of a bracing system in cross-arm structures could prolong the structures’ service life and subsequently reduce maintenance effort and cost for long-term applications in transmission towers.

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Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) Composite Selection for the Composite Cross-Arm Core

Cited by 3 publications

References 36 publications

Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review

Potential Application of Green Composites for Cross Arm Component in Transmission Tower: A Brief Review

Performance Analysis of Full Assembly Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arm in Transmission Tower

Utilization of Bracing Arms as Additional Reinforcement in Pultruded Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Cross-Arms: Creep Experimental and Numerical Analyses

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