Fibre identification and the quantitative analysis of fibre blends

Greaves, P.H.

doi:10.1111/j.1478-4408.1990.tb00072.x

Cited by 7 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…In studies of handmade papers manufactured in China and elsewhere, the current prevailing analytical approaches to fibre identification involve using (1) chemical/physical techniques and (2) microscopic examination (e.g., Greaves 1990;Isenberg 1967;Wang 2006;1999). Chemical/physical techniques with instruments usually provide the more precise information on the type(s) of fibre in a paper sample and-if there is more than one type present-the proportion of each.…”

Section: Chinese Hand Papermaking: Over 2000-year Exploitation Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Microscopic analysis can be undertaken with considerably less paper, with or without sampled fibres being stained (Isenberg 1967, 223-245;Ilvessalo-Pfäffli and Marja-Sisko 1995;Wang 1999). However, to obtain reliable results, it requires high levels of training and expertise in microscopy, papermaking and pulping, and fibre morphology (Greaves 1990). Given the above facts, for better fibre identification, it is necessary to consistently test, adjust, or change analytical approaches that are currently available.…”

Section: Chinese Hand Papermaking: Over 2000-year Exploitation Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identifying sources of fibre in Chinese handmade papers by phytoliths: A methodological exploration

2018

STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research

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This paper proposed phytoliths as promising for identifying and distinguishing sources of fibre in Chinese handmade papers. For an initial methodological exploration, two types of Raw Xuan (unprocessed Xuan paper) and the two plant materials used in making them-namely rice straw and bark from blue sandalwood (Pteroceltis tatarinowii Maxim.)-were collected. The dry ashing method was used to extract phytoliths from Raw Xuan and its plant materials. The results can be summarized as follows. First, phytoliths characteristic of rice (Oryza sativa) were abundant in both rice straw and Raw Xuan. By looking for rice phytoliths, it is possible to tell whether or not rice straw fibre is used in a particular paper. Second, hair cell phytoliths were observed in considerable quantities in blue sandalwood bark, but absent in the examined papers. Heat experiments showed that phytoliths in blue sandalwood were resistant to longterm heat and they would unlikely be eliminated when exposed to the heat in papermaking (with heat source barely above 200°C). It is hypothesised that they dissolved while cooked in an alkaline pH (limewater). Further studies are necessary to understand whether phytoliths in blue sandalwood-while cooked in limewater-undergo morphological changes and, if yes, how.

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Section: Chinese Hand Papermaking: Over 2000-year Exploitation Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chinese Hand Papermaking: Over 2000-year Exploitation Of Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identifying sources of fibre in Chinese handmade papers by phytoliths: A methodological exploration

2018

STAR: Science & Technology of Archaeological Research

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Identification of natural textile fibres

Nayak

Houshyar

Khandual³

et al. 2020

Handbook of Natural Fibres

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Textile Performance Determined by Chemical and Instrumental Methods

1994

Textile Processing and Properties - Preparation, Dyeing, Finishing and Performance

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End group analysis Determine average chain length Changes in solubility Increased swelling in wool indicates damage to that fiber and swelling Viscosity Determine molecular weight of sizing material such as poly(vinyl alcohol) Changes in dyeing Differentiate cellulosic from polyester fibers by response behavior to a mixture of direct and disperse dyes Colorimetry Violet complexes formed when polyester and/or cellulose react with hydroxamic acid in presence of FeCI 3 Column, paper and thin-Determination of acid dyes layer chromatography Structure of lipids in wool 5.2.2 End group analysis End group analysis is used to determine the average molecular weight in fibrous polymers and to determine the extent of depolymerization due to chain scission in the 294 polymer caused by physical, chemical and/or biological degradation. End group analyses were initially developed many years ago when only natural fibers were available. This technique was and to some extent is still used to determine the number of carboxyl groups in cellulosic fibers associated with chain scission and oxidation of anhydroglucose units. Such an increase has been correlated with an increase in uptake of basic dyes (such as Methylene Blue) and with an increase in the uptake of copper salts (called the copper number). Similar end group analysis methods, used in conjunction with colorimetry, potentiometric and acid-base titrations and thin layer and paper chromatography, have been devised and developed for synthetic fibers such as polyesters, polyamides and acrylics. These methods include the determination of carboxyl end groups in polyester fibers by reaction with hydrazine, of basic or primary amino end groups in polyamides by reaction with 2,4dinitrofluorobenzene and of hydroxyl end groups in polyester fibers by reaction with 4-nitro-1-naphthyl isocyanate (ref. 1). Changes in solubility and swellingThe solubility, sorption and swelling of fibers in various organic solvents, in acidic and basic solutions and in other reagents, have been employed to identify fiber types and the composition of fiber blends, to determine the uniformity and degree of crosslinking in fibers produced by application of resins and other polyfunctional materials or caused by degradative processes, to ascertain the amount and type of oligomers present after manufacture of synthetic fibers and to detect changes in polymer chain length caused by scission and/or oxidation during processing, use or exposure to various environments. The old chemical axiom like dissolves like" is frequently used to advantage to rank or classify fibers based on their differences in solubility (e.g., use of Λ/,/V-dimethylformamide as a solvent for polyamides). Detailed and useful separation schemes for identification of most fiber types in blends by differential solubilities and of only one fiber type in specific solvents have been published by the Textile Institute in the book "Identification of Textile Materials" (ref. 2). Table 5.2 is an abbreviated version of the comprehensive solubility scheme th...

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Fibre identification and the quantitative analysis of fibre blends

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Identifying sources of fibre in Chinese handmade papers by phytoliths: A methodological exploration

Identifying sources of fibre in Chinese handmade papers by phytoliths: A methodological exploration

Identification of natural textile fibres

Textile Performance Determined by Chemical and Instrumental Methods

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