Fibre Laser Treatment of Beta TNZT Titanium Alloys for Load-Bearing Implant Applications: Effects of Surface Physical and Chemical Features on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Response and Staphylococcus aureus Bacterial Attachment

Abstract

A mismatch in bone and implant elastic modulus can lead to aseptic loosening and ultimately implant failure. Selective elemental composition of titanium (Ti) alloys coupled with surface treatment can be used to improve osseointegration and reduce bacterial adhesion. The biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of Ti-35Nb-7Zr-6Ta (TNZT) using fibre laser surface treatment were assessed in this work, due to its excellent material properties (low Young’s modulus and non-toxicity) and the promising attributes of fibre laser treatment (very fast, non-contact, clean and only causes changes in surface without altering the bulk composition/microstructure). The TNZT surfaces in this study were treated in a high speed regime, specifically 100 and 200 mm/s, (or 6 and 12 m/min). Surface roughness and topography (WLI and SEM), chemical composition (SEM-EDX), microstructure (XRD) and chemistry (XPS) were investigated. The biocompatibility of the laser treated surfaces was evaluated using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in vitro at various time points to assess cell attachment (6, 24 and 48 h), proliferation (3, 7 and 14 days) and differentiation (7, 14 and 21 days). Antibacterial performance was also evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Live/Dead staining. Sample groups included untreated base metal (BM), laser treated at 100 mm/s (LT100) and 200 mm/s (LT200). The results demonstrated that laser surface treatment creates a rougher (Ra value of BM is 199 nm, LT100 is 256 nm and LT200 is 232 nm), spiky surface (Rsk > 0 and Rku > 3) with homogenous elemental distribution and decreasing peak-to-peak distance between ripples (0.63 to 0.315 µm) as the scanning speed increases (p < 0.05), generating a surface with distinct micron and nano scale features. The improvement in cell spreading, formation of bone-like nodules (only seen on the laser treated samples) and subsequent four-fold reduction in bacterial attachment (p < 0.001) can be attributed to the features created through fibre laser treatment, making it an excellent choice for load bearing implant applications. Last but not least, the presence of TiN in the outermost surface oxide might also account for the improved biocompatibility and antibacterial performances of TNZT.

Electroactive 3D Printed Scaffolds Based on Percolated Composites of Polycaprolactone with Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide for Antibacterial and Tissue Engineering Applications

“…With TrGO particle incorporation in PCL polymer matrix, the surface topography was modified, and sharp and narrow peaks were obtained as displayed in the topographic image of Figure 6c. In addition, the Rsk and Rsk values obtained were consistent with the topography studies performed on different types of surfaces reported in the literature [67][68][69].…”

Creating an antibacterial surface on beta TNZT alloys for hip implant applications by laser nitriding

“…Relating to mechanical properties, poor strength and fracture toughness can lead to implant fracture. A major reason for failure, which has been addressed in previous work [5], is a mismatch of elastic modulus between bone and implant leading to stress shielding and bone resorption. A sensible solution to tackle this problem is using a material which has a closer modulus to the human bone.…”

Titanium for Orthopedic Applications: An Overview of Surface Modification to Improve Biocompatibility and Prevent Bacterial Biofilm Formation

“…There is no universally accepted definition for what biocompatibility means, but “the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application” is a definition able to encompass “biocompatibility” in the broadest sense of the term ( Nair and Laurencin, 2007 ). The exact parameters required to facilitate osseointegration remain to be found, although a number of important factors have been elucidated ( Donaghy et al., 2019 ). Titanium and its alloys are considered to have excellent biocompatibility among bioimplantable metals.…”

“…Although this review addresses approaches for surface modification, we have not ignored the bulk structure of the biomaterial and the mechanical requirements that are needed to ensure implant success. Recent innovations intending to mimic the elastic modulus of cortical bone in an effort to prevent bone resorption via the addition of β-stabilizers to titanium have proven to be successful ( Chan et al., 2016 ; Donaghy et al., 2019 , 2020 ). Other research has focused on improving the porosity of the implant structure, again with the intention of mimicking the intrinsic porosity of bone and has shown to improve bone-implant attachment ( Pałka and Pokrowiecki, 2018 ).…”