Fibrillogenic C-terminal fragment of alpha-1-antitrypsin activates human monocytes via oxidative mechanisms

Abstract

Production of alpha-1-antitrypsin by human monocytes is an important factor in controlling tissue damage by proteases in the microenvironment of inflammation. Increases of four- to eightfold in levels of native and fragmented forms of alpha-1-antitrypsin have been detected in inflammatory loci in vivo. In this study we have extended our previous observation that the carboxyl-terminal peptide (C-36) of alpha-1-antitrypsin produced by specific proteinase cleavage, when added in its fibrillar form at concentrations of 5 microM or more to monocytes in culture, induces cytotoxic effects. Experiments with synthetic amyloid-forming peptides suggest fibril cytotoxicity to be mediated via a common oxidative stress mechanism. We undertook to determine whether C-36 fibril cytotoxicity also involves this common pathway. Monocytes stimulated with C-36 fibrils for 1 h showed significant elevation in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression, induced reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, increased intracellular lipid peroxidation, altered mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased cytosolic cytochrome c and caspase-3 activity. Treatment of monocytes with C-36 fibrils after 24 h also resulted in increased cytosolic cathepsin D activity, suggesting that lysosomes may also be destabilized over longer periods of time. In contrast, native alpha-1-antitrypsin only showed concentration and time-dependent effects on chemoattractant protein-1 expression, and these appear to be independent of oxidative stress. These results indicate that the cytotoxicity of the fibrillar fragment is mediated via oxidative mechanisms and support important multiple roles for native and also for cleaved forms of alpha-1-antitrypsin in monocyte recruitment and activation during inflammatory processes such as atherosclerosis.

α-1 Antitrypsin Inhibits Caspase-3 Activity, Preventing Lung Endothelial Cell Apoptosis

“…The functional differences of distinct hA1AT domains were underscored by experimental results with the proteolytic cleavage product of A1AT, the amyloidogenic C-36 fragment, which not only failed to inhibit caspases-3 activity in a cell-free system, but at higher concentration it appeared to enhance it. A similar behavior for this peptide was observed by others in monocytes, where C-36 induced cytochrome c and caspase-3 activation, 39 but the physiological significance of this finding in the lung is not yet clear.…”

Impact of HIV infection on α1-antitrypsin in the lung

“…Despite the increased levels of A1AT in the BALF of our HIV ϩ cohort, we found increased elastase activity in the BALF, consistent with decreased A1AT function. A number of modifications of A1AT, including oxidation, polymerization, and proteolysis, result in a decrease in A1AT's antielastase activity (1,2,11,42). After a heightened immune response or an external stressor, such as cigarette smoke, amino acids…”

Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Prevents the Development of Preeclampsia Through Suppression of Oxidative Stress

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