Fibrinogen and fibrin based micro and nano scaffolds incorporated with drugs, proteins, cells and genes for therapeutic biomedical applications

Abstract

Over the past two decades, many types of natural and synthetic polymer-based micro-and nanocarriers, with exciting properties and applications, have been developed for application in various types of tissue regeneration, including bone, cartilage, nerve, blood vessels, and skin. The development of suitable polymers scaffold designs to aid the repair of specific cell types have created diverse and important potentials in tissue restoration. Fibrinogen (Fbg)-and fibrin (Fbn)-based micro-and nanostructures can provide suitable natural matrix environments. Since these primary materials are abundantly available in blood as the main coagulation proteins, they can easily interact with damaged tissues and cells through native biochemical interactions. Fbg-and Fbn-based micro and nanostructures can also be consecutively furnished/ or encapsulated and specifically delivered, with multiple growth factors, proteins, and stem cells, in structures designed to aid in specific phases of the tissue regeneration process. The present review has been carried out to demonstrate the progress made with micro and nanoscaffold applications and features a number of applications of Fbg-and Fbn-based carriers in the field of biomaterials, including the delivery of drugs, active biomolecules, cells, and genes, that have been effectively used in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Evaluation of the ability of natural and synthetic scaffolds in providing an appropriate environment for growth and chondrogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells

“… 70 Some of the researches have shown that purified fibrin scaffolds cause less expression of collagen Type II and aggreacan compared with alginate. 13 17 54 In another study, alginate showed better stimulation of chondrogenesis in bone marrow derived MSCs when compared to fibrin. 58 Evidence show that chondrogenesis is recognized by increase in expression and accumulation of collagen Type II and aggreacan genes compared to collagen Type I and sox9.…”

“…Combination of fibrinogen clot and thrombin can induce binding, migration and growth of various types of cells such as chondrocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and keratinocytes. 13 …”

Engineered skin graft with stromal vascular fraction cells encapsulated in fibrin–collagen hydrogel: A clinical study for diabetic wound healing

“…We have used fibrin for the scaffold, as this is one of the major components of the extracellular matrix and is an attractive candidate for skin regeneration application (Rajangam & An, 2013). We selected fibrin due to suitable interactions with skin cells, a crucial property that promotes the wound healing process (Gsib, Egles, & Bencherif, 2017), abundance, versatility, biological relevance (Peterson et al, 2014), and cell encapsulation (Cummings, Gawlitta, Nerem, & Stegemann, 2004).…”

Spatially and temporally controlled hydrogels for tissue engineering

“…Both fibrinogen and fibrin are highly biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-immunogenic. In addition, its fibrous network can induce cell attachment and proliferation [179]. However, due to its weak and fragile nature of fibrin, to create robust and stable bioprinted 3D constructs from fibrin bioinks alone is challenging.…”