Fibrinonecrotic enteritis of piglets in a commercial farm: a postmortem study of the prevalence and the role of lesion associated agents Isospora suis and Clostridium perfringens

Sanz, Macarena G.; Venturini, L.; Assis, Ronnie Antunes de; Uzal, Francisco A.; Risso, Miguel Atilio; Idiart, Julio Roberto; Perfumo, Carlos Juan

doi:10.1590/s0100-736x2007000700007

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…C. perfringens type A has been and is still frequently blamed for enteritis, abomasitis and/or enterotoxemia in cattle [28–32], horses [33–39], goats [40–43] and pigs [44, 45]. However, the role of this microorganism in natural diseases of these species remains controversial and poorly documented [46].…”

Section: Alpha Toxin (Cpa or Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium Perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases

Uzal¹

2013

TOTNJ

141

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Clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive anaerobic rod that is classified into 5 toxinotypes (A, B, C, D, and E) according to the production of 4 major toxins, namely alpha (CPA), beta (CPB), epsilon (ETX) and iota (ITX). However, this microorganism can produce up to 16 toxins in various combinations, including lethal toxins such as perfringolysin O (PFO), enterotoxin (CPE), and beta2 toxin (CPB2). Most diseases caused by this microorganism are mediated by one or more of these toxins. The role of CPA in intestinal disease of mammals is controversial and poorly documented, but there is no doubt that this toxin is essential in the production of gas gangrene of humans and several animal species. CPB produced by C. perfringens types B and C is responsible for necrotizing enteritis and enterotoxemia mainly in neonatal individuals of several animal species. ETX produced by C. perfringens type D is responsible for clinical signs and lesions of enterotoxemia, a predominantly neurological disease of sheep and goats. The role of ITX in disease of animals is poorly understood, although it is usually assumed that the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases produced by C. perfringens type E is mediated by this toxin. CPB2, a necrotizing and lethal toxin that can be produced by all types of C. perfringens, has been blamed for disease in many animal species, but little information is currently available to sustain or rule out this claim. CPE is an important virulence factor for C. perfringens type A gastrointestinal disease in humans and dogs; however, the data implicating CPE in other animal diseases remains ambiguous. PFO does not seem to play a direct role as the main virulence factor for animal diseases, but it may have a synergistic role with CPA-mediated gangrene and ETX-mediated enterotoxemia. The recent improvement of animal models for C. perfringens infection and the use of toxin gene knock-out mutants have demonstrated the specific pathogenic role of several toxins of C. perfringens in animal disease. These research tools are helping us to establish the role ofThis is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.

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Section: Alpha Toxin (Cpa or Plc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clostridium Perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases

Uzal¹

2013

TOTNJ

141

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“…Although the pre-weaning mortality rate in farm B was lower than that in farm A and C, the pre-weaning mortality was higher in this farm than the mortality rate seen in similar production systems due to other enteric causes such us I suis [ 19 , 23 ], C. perfringes type A [ 24 ], or C. difficile [ 25 ]. According to a previous study, the pre-weaning mortality due to diarrhea should not exceed 20% [ 26 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First retrospective studies with etiological confirmation of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in Argentina

Piñeyro

Lozada

Alarcón³

et al. 2018

BMC Vet Res

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BackgroundIn 2014, a notification of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was made by the National Services of Animal Health of Argentina (SENASA) to the World Organization of Animal Health (OIE). The notification was based on a serological diagnosis in a small farm with a morbidity rate of 2.3% without enteric clinical signs. In order to determine if TGEV was circulating before the official report, a retrospective study on cases of neonatal diarrhea was performed. The selection criteria was a sudden increase in mortality in 1- to 21-day-old piglets with watery diarrhea that did not respond to antibiotics. Based on these criteria, three clinical cases were identified during 2010–2015.ResultsAll animals that were evaluated presented histological lesions consistent with enteric viral infection. The feces and ultrathin sections of intestine that were evaluated by electron microscopy confirmed the presence of round particles of approximately 80 nm in size and characterized by finely granular electrodense nucleoids consistent with complete particles of coronavirus. The presence of the TGEV antigen was confirmed by monoclonal specific immunohistochemistry, and final confirmation of a metabolically-active virus was performed by in situ hybridization to detect a TGE mRNA encoding spike protein. All sections evaluated in this case were negative for PEDV and rotavirus A.ConclusionsThis is the first case series describing neonatal mortality with etiological confirmation of TGEV in Argentina. The clinical diagnosis of TGEV infections in endemic regions is challenging due to the epidemiological distribution and coinfection with other enteric pathogens that mask the clinical presentation.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-018-1615-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…As a distinct intestinal wall structure with layers was observed on ultrasonography in this case, it was assumed that the fibrinonecrotic cast originated from a fibrinonecrotic pseudo‐membrane loosely attached to the hyperaemic intestinal mucosa (Ozaki and others ). Fibrinonecrotic enteritis is a pathological condition most commonly found in piglets that sporadically die during pre‐ and postweaning periods (Sanz and others ). Fibrinonecrotic enteritis has been reported rarely in dogs, with simultaneous occurrence of enteric salmonellosis and parvovirus infection (King ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fibrinonecrotic enteritis has been reported rarely in dogs, with simultaneous occurrence of enteric salmonellosis and parvovirus infection (King ). Grossly, fibrinonecrotic enteritis is characterised by rigidity of the jejunum and ileum because of mucosal thickening by a fibrinonecrotic membrane (Sanz and others ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spontaneously passed infarcted segments of the large bowel have been designated “casts” in humans, signifying expulsion of actual tissue or a structure outlining the large bowel lumen (Ardigo and others ). The aetiology of fibrinonecrotic casts is currently unclear, and several causes of infectious enteritis, such as Salmonellosis, Coccidiosis and Clostridium infections, ischaemic conditions, including toxic changes, foreign bodies, colitis and intussusception, and immune suppression have been proposed as predisposing factors for pseudo‐membrane formation (Phillips and others , King , Ozaki and others , Radostits and others , Sanz and others ). Ischaemia after surgery is considered a potential cause of large bowel casts in humans (Sakanoue and others , Ardigo and others ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonographic diagnosis of a fibrinonecrotic colonic cast in a kitten with feline panleukopenia virus

Lee¹,

Lee²,

Lee³

et al. 2012

J of Small Animal Practice

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Ultrasonography of a cat with diarrhoea and vomiting revealed a multi-layered, discrete linear structure within the large intestine with retention of the intestinal layers which could potentially be confused with an intestinal intussusception. The structure was ultimately expelled from the large intestine during defecation, and confirmed as a fibrinonecrotic cast. The origin of the fibrinonecrotic cast was assumed to be an intestinal pseudo-membrane formed in enteritis caused by immune suppression due to the panleukopenia virus. To our knowledge, this is the first ultrasonographic description of a fibrinonecrotic cast and spontaneous passage of the colonic cast in the veterinary field.

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Fibrinonecrotic enteritis of piglets in a commercial farm: a postmortem study of the prevalence and the role of lesion associated agents Isospora suis and Clostridium perfringens

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Clostridium Perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases

Clostridium Perfringens Toxins Involved in Mammalian Veterinary Diseases

First retrospective studies with etiological confirmation of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in Argentina

Ultrasonographic diagnosis of a fibrinonecrotic colonic cast in a kitten with feline panleukopenia virus

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