Fibrocartilaginous embolism in 75 dogs: clinical findings and factors influencing the recovery rate

Gandini, Gualtiero; Cizinauskas, Sigitas; Lang, Johann; Fatzer, R; Jaggy, A.

doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00124.x

Cited by 111 publications

(151 citation statements)

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“…This syndrome is commonly reported in adult and elderly dogs, mainly in large and giant breeds (NEER, 1992;CAUZINILLE & KORNEGAY, 1996;GANDINI et al, 2003;TESSER et al, 2009), which suggested that predisposing factors, including aging or a fissure of the annulus fibrosus, facilitate entry of nucleus pulposus material into the vasculature (NEER, 1992;CAUZINILLE & KORNEGAY, 1996). Although, FCE cases in the horse are sporadic, all reports, including this one, are in adult horses, suggesting some similarity to the condition described in dogs.…”

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confidence: 90%

“…It has been described in dogs (CAUZINILLE & KORNEGAY, 1996;DYCE & HOULTON, 1993;GANDINI et al, 2003;TESSER et al, 2009) and humans (UPPAL et al, 2004;ZACHARY, 2013), and rarely in horses (TAYLOR et al, 1977;FUENTEALBA et al, 1991;SEBASTIAN & GILES, 2004;WALLING et al, 2011). The pathogenesis of this syndrome remains uncertain and several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of fibrocartilaginous emboli.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse

et al. 2018

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This report described clinical, epidemiological, and pathological aspects of ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) in a 10-year-old, mixed breed gelding. Clinically, the horse presented acute hind limbs paralysis, with a clinical course of approximately 24 hours. At necropsy, no gross lesions were observed. Cross-sections of the spinal cord revealed focally extensive areas of malacia from the T10 to L4 segments. Focally extensive areas of liquefactive necrosis involving the gray matter and adjacent white matter were observed on histologic sections. The lumen of multiple blood vessels in the periphery of the necrotic areas was occluded by fibrocartilaginous emboli that strongly stained with alcian blue. Clinical signs, gross necropsy, and histological findings observed in this case were identical to those described in the literature for ischemic myelopathy caused by FCE in the horse and other species.

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Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse

et al. 2018

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“…This condition has been well characterized in animals, especially dogs [78,79], but also in cats [80,81], horses [82], swine [83], and turkeys [84]. The first human condition was described in a 15-year-old male in 1961; nucleus pulposis emboli were found within the spinal cord arteries at autopsy [85].…”

Section: Causes Of Spinal Cord Infarction In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Nance

Golomb

2007

Pediatric Neurology

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Spinal cord infarction in children is a rare condition which is becoming more widely recognized. There are few reports in the pediatric literature characterizing etiology, diagnosis, treament and prognosis. The risk factors for pediatric ischemic spinal cord infarction include obstruction of blood flow associated with cardiovascular compromise or malformation, iatrogenic or traumatic vascular inujury, cerebellar herniation, thrombotic or embolic disease, infection, and vasculitis. In many children the cause of spinal cord ischemia in the absence of vertebral fracture is unknown. Imaging diagnosis of spinal cord ischemia is often difficult due to the small transverse area of the cord, cerebrospinal fluid artifact and inadequate resolution of MRI. Physical therapy is the most important treatment option. The prognosis is dependent on the level of spinal cord damage, early identification and reversal of ischemia, and follow-up with intensive physical therapy and medical support. In addition to summarizing the literature regarding spinal cord infarction in children without vertebral fracture, this review article adds two cases to the literature which highlight the difficulties and controversies in the management of this condition.

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“…schemic myelopathy and ANNPE are common neurologic emergencies in dogs that have similar clinical signs [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] such as the hyperacute onset of nonprogressive, often markedly asymmetric spinal cord dysfunction without obvious signs of pain. 1,3,5,10 In dogs, ischemic myelopathy is most commonly associated with embolization of fibrocartilaginous material within the spinal cord vasculature that is histologically indistinguishable from nucleus pulposus (ie, fibrocartilaginous embolism) 5,6,[11][12][13] and causes sudden onset of regional ischemia resulting in necrosis of the spinal cord parenchyma.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…1,3,5,10 In dogs, ischemic myelopathy is most commonly associated with embolization of fibrocartilaginous material within the spinal cord vasculature that is histologically indistinguishable from nucleus pulposus (ie, fibrocartilaginous embolism) 5,6,[11][12][13] and causes sudden onset of regional ischemia resulting in necrosis of the spinal cord parenchyma. [4][5][6][11][12][13] In contrast,…”

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confidence: 99%

Comparison of clinical signs and outcomes between dogs with presumptive ischemic myelopathy and dogs with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion

Fenn¹,

Drees²,

Volk³

et al. 2016

javma

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OBJECTIVE To compare clinical signs and outcomes between dogs with presumptive ischemic myelopathy and dogs with presumptive acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE). DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS 51 dogs with ischemic myelopathy and 42 dogs with ANNPE examined at 1 referral hospital. PROCEDURES Medical records and MRI sequences were reviewed for dogs with a presumptive antemortem diagnosis of ischemic myelopathy or ANNPE. Information regarding signalment, clinical signs at initial examination, and short-term outcome was retrospectively retrieved from patient records. Long-term outcome information was obtained by telephone communication with referring or primary-care veterinarians and owners. RESULTS Compared with the hospital population, English Staffordshire Bull Terriers and Border Collies were overrepresented in the ischemic myelopathy and ANNPE groups, respectively. Dogs with ANNPE were significantly older at disease onset and were more likely to have a history of vocalization at onset of clinical signs, have spinal hyperesthesia during initial examination, have a lesion at C1-C5 spinal cord segments, and be ambulatory at hospital discharge, compared with dogs with ischemic myelopathy. Dogs with ischemic myelopathy were more likely to have a lesion at L4-S3 spinal cord segments and have long-term fecal incontinence, compared with dogs with ANNPE. However, long-term quality of life and outcome did not differ between dogs with ischemic myelopathy and dogs with ANNPE. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results revealed differences in clinical signs at initial examination between dogs with ischemic myelopathy and dogs with ANNPE that may aid clinicians in differentiating the 2 conditions.

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Fibrocartilaginous embolism in 75 dogs: clinical findings and factors influencing the recovery rate

Cited by 111 publications

References 7 publications

Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse

Ischemic myelopathy caused by fibrocartilaginous embolism in a horse

Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Comparison of clinical signs and outcomes between dogs with presumptive ischemic myelopathy and dogs with acute noncompressive nucleus pulposus extrusion

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