Fibrocartilaginous Embolism in Dogs

Cauzinille, Laurent

doi:10.1016/s0195-5616(00)50007-2

Cited by 52 publications

(65 citation statements)

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“…This condition has been well characterized in animals, especially dogs [78,79], but also in cats [80,81], horses [82], swine [83], and turkeys [84]. The first human condition was described in a 15-year-old male in 1961; nucleus pulposis emboli were found within the spinal cord arteries at autopsy [85].…”

Section: Causes Of Spinal Cord Infarction In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Nance

Golomb

2007

Pediatric Neurology

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Spinal cord infarction in children is a rare condition which is becoming more widely recognized. There are few reports in the pediatric literature characterizing etiology, diagnosis, treament and prognosis. The risk factors for pediatric ischemic spinal cord infarction include obstruction of blood flow associated with cardiovascular compromise or malformation, iatrogenic or traumatic vascular inujury, cerebellar herniation, thrombotic or embolic disease, infection, and vasculitis. In many children the cause of spinal cord ischemia in the absence of vertebral fracture is unknown. Imaging diagnosis of spinal cord ischemia is often difficult due to the small transverse area of the cord, cerebrospinal fluid artifact and inadequate resolution of MRI. Physical therapy is the most important treatment option. The prognosis is dependent on the level of spinal cord damage, early identification and reversal of ischemia, and follow-up with intensive physical therapy and medical support. In addition to summarizing the literature regarding spinal cord infarction in children without vertebral fracture, this review article adds two cases to the literature which highlight the difficulties and controversies in the management of this condition.

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Section: Causes Of Spinal Cord Infarction In Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Nance

Golomb

2007

Pediatric Neurology

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“…Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) of the spinal cord, or rarely the brain stem, is a relatively uncommon cause of acute, nonprogressive neurological dysfunction that has been previously described in humans, 15 dogs, 2,3,5,7,11 pigs, 1,8,10,14 horses, 6,13 cats, 2,16 and a lamb. 9 Spinal cord injury results from occlusion of the vasculature (arteries, veins, or a combination of both) within the cord parenchyma or the adjacent leptomeninges by masses of fibrocartilaginous material histochemically identical to fibrocartilage of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[3][4][5]12 Several possible mechanisms have been proposed to explain both arterial and venous embolism in the various affected species. One suggested route of passage is dissection of the semifluid nucleus pulposus through a degenerating dorsal annulus fibrosis to exposed neovasculature.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Cases commonly involve large to giant breed, middle-aged dogs that are predisposed to type II intervertebral disk disease where neovascularization of a diseased annulus could be expected. 3,5,12 Other hypotheses include direct penetration of spinal arteries or veins after rupture of the nucleus pulposus through the dorsal or dorsolateral annulus fibrosis and herniation of disk material through the vertebral end plate into the marrow cavity. In humans, such herniations are recognized as Schmorl's nodules.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Schmorl's nodules have not been documented in any veterinary cases of FCE. 3,5,12 Because of the absence of gross lesions, however, neither intervertebral disks nor vertebrae were examined microscopically in this case. One final suggested mechanism is extrusion of disk material into anomalous or persistent embryonic vasculature of the annulus fibrosis.…”

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Fibrocartilaginous Embolic Myelopathy in a Calf

2004

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Abstract.A 5-month-old Angus heifer with a history of acute hindlimb paresis that quickly progressed to lateral recumbency was necropsied. Gross lesions included a 6-cm segment of gray to brown discoloration and softening of the right ventrolateral spinal cord between T2 and T3. Microscopically, there was liquefactive necrosis of ventrolateral white and gray matter, and multiple intravascular emboli partially or completely occluded many intralesional and adjacent spinal and meningeal arteries and veins. Emboli were alcian blue positive, consistent with fibrocartilage of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk. No gross abnormalities were detected in the vertebrae or intervertebral disks. Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy appears to be very rare in cattle; however, it should be considered in cases of acute, nonprogressive spinal cord dysfunction. Fibrocartilaginous embolism (FCE) of the spinal cord, or rarely the brain stem, is a relatively uncommon cause of acute, nonprogressive neurological dysfunction that has been previously described in humans, 15 dogs, 2,3,5,7,11 pigs, 1,8,10,14 horses, 6,13 cats, 2,16 and a lamb. 9 Spinal cord injury results from occlusion of the vasculature (arteries, veins, or a combination of both) within the cord parenchyma or the adjacent leptomeninges by masses of fibrocartilaginous material histochemically identical to fibrocartilage of the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disk. Consequent ischemia of dependent regions of spinal cord produces clinical signs with distribution and severity referable to the site and extent of infarction. Definitive diagnosis is reliant on histologic demonstration of intravascular fibrocartilaginous emboli and necrosis of associated spinal cord segments. Clinically, acute to subacute, nonprogressive, focal spinal cord dysfunction in the absence of hyperpathia is suggestive of fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy. 4,7,8 The following is a case report of fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy in a bovine.A 5-month-old Angus heifer calf was presented to the ambulatory service of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (VMTH), Blacksburg, Virginia, with a history of being acutely down. The calf was found in lateral recumbency and was unable to rise with assistance. Once positioned, the calf could remain in sternal recumbency. The calf was admitted to the VMTH the following day for complete neurologic examination. On presentation, the calf was tetraparetic to the point of recumbency but was bright, alert, and responsive. Cranial nerve responses were within normal limits. Patellar reflexes were intact and normal bilaterally. Withdrawal responses were normal in the right hindlimb and both forelimbs and decreased in the left hindlimb; however, the heifer had been in left lateral recumbency for at least several hours before neurological evaluation. Tail and anal tone were within normal limits. No localized pain was identified. The panniculus reflex was absent caudal to T3/T4. Cervical r...

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What is Fibrocartilaginous Embolism and Is It Related to IVDD?

Risio¹

2014

Advances in Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs and Cats

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Fibrocartilaginous Embolism in Dogs

Cited by 52 publications

References 7 publications

Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Ischemic Spinal Cord Infarction in Children Without Vertebral Fracture

Fibrocartilaginous Embolic Myelopathy in a Calf

What is Fibrocartilaginous Embolism and Is It Related to IVDD?

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