“…FDM is capable of simplifying the domain of the problem by using a regular fixed domain. This method has been in existence since the early 1950s and has been extensively used to solve problems such as: particle flow, heat transfer, fluid flow, shape and topology optimization, to name but a few [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. In 1999 Garcia and Steven [34], were amongst the first to applied FDM for structural shape optimization, calling the method Fixed-Grid Finite Elements Analysis (FG-FEA).…”