2012
DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00163-12
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Field Application of Serodiagnostics To Identify Elephants with Tuberculosis prior to Case Confirmation by Culture

Abstract: Three serologic methods for antibody detection in elephant tuberculosis (TB), the multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA), ElephantTB STAT-PAK kit, and DPP VetTB test, were evaluated using serial serum samples from 14 captive elephants infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 5 countries. In all cases, serological testing was performed prior to the diagnosis of TB by mycobacterial culture of trunk wash or tissue samples collected at necropsy. All elephants produced antibody responses to M. tuberculosis antig… Show more

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Cited by 46 publications
(40 citation statements)
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“…Elephants use their trunks for a variety of functions, and sample contamination and overgrowth of non-TB mycobacteria are common and may not be reported. Culture is expensive, and as subsequent studies have shown, three samples may be inadequate for detection (Lyashchenko et al 2012;Angkawanish et al 2010;Moller et al 2005). Based on these factors, culture may not be practical or affordable to screen large numbers of elephants in Asia.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Elephants use their trunks for a variety of functions, and sample contamination and overgrowth of non-TB mycobacteria are common and may not be reported. Culture is expensive, and as subsequent studies have shown, three samples may be inadequate for detection (Lyashchenko et al 2012;Angkawanish et al 2010;Moller et al 2005). Based on these factors, culture may not be practical or affordable to screen large numbers of elephants in Asia.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Serologically reactive elephants may not be shedding mycobacteria, and cultures may be negative at the time of testing. The RT, MAPIA, and multi-antigen ELISA assays may be reactive months to years prior to detection of M. tuberculosis by culture (Larsen et al 2000;Lyashchenko et al 2006Lyashchenko et al , 2012Greenwald et al 2009). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Considering that the S.A. HIV ϩ compared to the S.A. HIV Ϫ controls were enrolled at the same site and likely had similarly high M. tuberculosis exposure rates, it is conceivable that the Ab reactivity against some mycobacterial proteins in the S.A. HIV ϩ controls reflects a true serologic response indicative of increasing M. tuberculosis infection activity due to HIV coinfection. This hypothesis is further supported by (i) echA1 being encoded by one of the RD which have been deleted from BCG but are present in M. tuberculosis (24,25); (ii) animal studies indicating that Ab responses are associated with antigen burden rather than pathology and can be detected prior to culture positivity (46,47); (iii) several, mostly small, studies demonstrating an increased Ab reactivity against a number of mycobacterial antigens, including MPT51 and MS, and to a lesser degree against the M. tuberculosis-specific proteins ESAT-6 and CFP 10, months to years prior to the development of TB in HIV ϩ individuals (21,(48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53); and (iv) identification of echA1 via mass spectrometry in M. tuberculosis-infected guinea pig lungs 30 days but not 90 days postinfection (54), suggesting that this protein might play a role in early TB pathogenesis. Studies on a larger scale with prospectively collected samples are warranted to further explore the potential biomarker value of Abs against echA1 as a measure of increasing M. tuberculosis infection activity and a potential correlate of risk for TB development in HIV ϩ individuals.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 68%
“…The tests allow early detection of latently infected individuals and are useful in contact tracing and screening of high-risk groups in a lowendemic setting. IFN-γ based tests may be important for epidemiological and surveillance studies to determine the extent of TB infection [23,24] .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%