Field Effects of Ivermectin Residues on Dung Beetles

Lumaret, Jean‐Pierre; Galante, Eduardo; Lumbreras, Carlos; Mena, Javier Morales; Bertrand, Michel; Bernal, José; Cooper, J. F.; Kadiri, N.; Crowe, D.

doi:10.2307/2404183

Cited by 143 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Sommer et al (1992) found a peak concentration of 3810 ng/g two days after treatment, and the concentration decreased to 310 ng/g after 13 to 14 days. Lumaret et al (1993) observed the peak of elimination (4200 ng/g) at day 5, and were unable to detect any ivermectin beyond day 12. Our results, with the highest level of ivermectin in dung 3 to 5 days after treatment, are similar to the findings of Herd et al (1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…2). Lumaret et al (1993) found that the concentration of ivermectin in decaying cattle dung declined to zero after about 7 days. No ivermectin was found in dung samples after 6-7 days exposure to field conditions (Bernal et al, 1994).…”

Section: Withmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Answers to essential questions concerning degradation rate of reindeer dung under the various conditions and the importance of the coprophagous insects and other organisms in this process are still lacking. The concentration of ivermectin in faeces as a function of days after treatment has been investigated in cattle (Sommer et al, 1992;Sommer & Steffansen, 1993;Lumaret et al. 1993;Payne et al, 1995;Herd et al, 1996), but so far not in reindeer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Nilssen

Åsbakk

Haugerud

et al. 1999

Ran

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Abstract:Ivermectin is an antiparasitic drug widely used in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus (L.)) in Fennoscandia and North America. Most of the ivermectin injected in the animal is excreted unchanged in the faeces. Several reports show that ivermectin in cattle dung disrupts colonisation and survival of beneficial dung breeding insects. The present study investigated the effect of ivermectin on the reindeer dung fauna. Four reindeer calves (males, 6 months of age) were injected subcutaneously with standard doses of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg body weight) in early December. The daily produced faeces was collected until day 30 after treatment, and the concentration of ivermectin was determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The highest concentration measured (mean 1632 ng/g faeces (dry weight), range 907 to 2261 ng/g among the animals) was on day 4 after treatment. The concentration decreased gradually to 28 ng/g (range 6 to 58 ng/g) on day 30. Faeces portions from day 4 and from untreated reindeer were placed in the field on 2-4 July and recollected on 13-22 September in order to detect possible differences in decomposition fauna between the samples. The most important coprophilous beetles (Apbodius spp.) and flies (Scatbophaga spp.) were not detected in this winter dung whether it contained ivermectin or not, probably because of the dry consistency and small size of the pellets. On the other hand, these insects (larvae and imagines) were common in summer dung, which had been deposited naturally in the field and later placed together with the ivermectin-containing winter dung for comparison. The summer dung has a more soft and lumpy consistency. Treatment in autumn or early winter implies that the bulk of the ivermectin from the animal will be present in faeces with winter consistency, since this bulk portion is excreted during the first 30 days after treatment. This dry and pelleted faeces is not utilized by the important coprophilous insecr species, and the current practice of treatment of reindeer with ivermectin in autumn or early winter is therefore the regime representing the least danger of harmful influence on the coprophilous fauna and their contribution to the dung decomposition process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Withmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Nilssen

Åsbakk

Haugerud

et al. 1999

Ran

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Excretion patterns and cumulative excretion may differ depending on species, race, mode of application and dosage. Data reported in literature suggest that total cumulative excretion may range from 0.2 to 1 and the excretion time from 1 and 100 days, depending on species, substance, dosage and route of administration (Short et al, 1987, Halley et al, 1989, Lumaret et al, 1993, Herd, 1995, Strong et al, 1996, Ramazza et al, 1996and Winckler and Grafe, 2001c. Although the parent compound may be transformed into transformation products, the conjugates may be reverted in the slurry to active compounds (Henschel et al, 1997 andPanter et al, 1999) and others may have some activity themselves (Schowanek and Webb, 2002).…”

Section: Emissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the exposure assessment for veterinary medicinal products

Montforts

2006

Science of The Total Environment

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Under the EU Directive 2004/28/EC, an environmental risk assessment of new veterinary medicinal products is required. Given the nature of risk assessment for new applications, there is a need to model exposure concentrations. Critical evaluations are essential to ensure that the use of models by regulators does not result in the propagation of misleading information. The empirical validations of soil exposure models, previously discussed in this journal, indicate that it is impossible to analyse the contribution of every model parameter to the variability in the predictions. In particular, the prediction of the slurry concentration is challenged by uncertainties concerning dilution, mixing and dissipation of residues. Surface water and groundwater models generated highly deviating results compared to the field results, questioning the usefulness of the available screening models. Animal husbandry, slurry handling and environmental conditions throughout Europe are considered in order to define realistic worst case scenarios, to be used in conjunction with distribution models for the environmental risk assessment of veterinary medicinal products at registration. Given the variability in manure management practice throughout Europe, a deterministic approach for the manure-to-soil model was selected. Both worst case and best case scenario were developed. Several modelling assumptions applied in the surface water exposure model for fish nursery effluent were validated against newly available data. Since the available data give no proof that a settling tank contributes to the removal of pesticides from waste water, it is recommended for risk assessment purposes to consider the contribution of the settling tank to removal of pesticides and medicines to be negligible. Surface water dilution factors may be considered to be rather small, a factor of 2, for low flow situations.

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“…Scientists do not agree on the extent of such risks, mainly because of the complex dynamics of insect populations that fluctuates widely according to factors such as climatic fluctuations, rainfall, cattle management and pasture quality [6,98]. This situation has raised concerns not only for the possible impact on dung degradation but also for the consequences on pastureland insect communities and ecosystem stability and on the sustainability of pasture fertility [8,41,50,64,68,81,107,115,117]. At the same time, it has been shown that modern anthelmintics also adversely affect the development and survival of non-target organisms in estuarine and marine ecosystems [17,18,23,36,37].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures

2002

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-The overall purpose of this paper was to review the major and most recent literature relating the effects of anthelmintics on dung breeding invertebrates and dung degradation. Faecal residues or metabolites of drugs belonging to the benzimidazole and levamisole/morantel groups are relatively harmless to dung fauna, on the contrary to other anthelmintics such as coumaphos, dichlorvos, phenothiazine, piperazine, synthetic pyrethroids, and most macrocyclic lactones which have been shown to be highly toxic for dung beetles (abamectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin, doramectin), among which moxidectin was the less toxic for dung beetles. To date, the detrimental impact upon non-target organisms has been considered acceptable in eradicating the parasites because of their economic importance to commercial livestock production. The consequences of routine treatments are discussed with consideration of the long-term consequences for cow pat fauna and sustainable pastureland ecology.anthelmintic / residue / dung beetle / Diptera / sustainable parasite control Résumé -Usage des anthelminthiques en élevage et évaluation des risques pour la faune non cible du pâturage. Cet article de synthèse passe en revue les travaux de la littérature les plus récents concernant les effets secondaires des principaux produits vétérinaires utilisés en routine sur la faune coprophage et sur la dégradation des excréments dans les pâturages. Les résidus (ou les métabolites) des groupes du benzimidazole et levamisole/morantel trouvés dans les excréments s'avèrent relativement peu toxiques pour la faune coprophage. Au contraire les anthelminthiques des groupes suivants s'avèrent hautement toxiques: coumaphos, dichlorvos, phénothiazine, pipérazine, pyréthroïdes de synthèse, et la plupart des lactones macrocycliques (abamectine, ivermectine, éprinomectine, doramectine), la moxidectine étant la moins toxique pour la faune coprophage. Jusqu'à présent, cet impact négatif a été considéré comme acceptable par les éleveurs et firmes pharmaceutiques en regard de l'importance économique du contrôle et/ou l'éradication des parasites. Les conséquences des traitements de routine sont discutées en considérant que l'absence de dégradation des bouses constatée 547

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Field Effects of Ivermectin Residues on Dung Beetles

Cited by 143 publications

References 17 publications

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Treatment of reindeer with ivermectin - effect on dung insect fauna

Validation of the exposure assessment for veterinary medicinal products

Use of anthelmintics in herbivores and evaluation of risks for the non target fauna of pastures

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