Field Emission

Dyke, W. P.; Dolan, W. W.

doi:10.1016/s0065-2539(08)61226-3

Cited by 303 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…This asymmetry is the strongest in the case of the W electrode and the least pronounced for the Ir electrode. Using a combination of direct tunneling 16,29 and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, 30,31 we could very well describe the experimental results. 32 We considered the current density to be J = J DT + p FN × J FN , where J DT and J FN correspond to the contributions from direct tunneling and from Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, respectively, as both taken from Ref.…”

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confidence: 73%

Engineering ferroelectric tunnel junctions through potential profile shaping

et al. 2015

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We explore the influence of the top electrode materials (W, Co, Ni, Ir) on the electronic band profile in ferroelectric tunnel junctions based on super-tetragonal BiFeO3. Large variations of the transport properties are observed at room temperature. In particular, the analysis of current vs. voltage curves by a direct tunneling model indicates that the metal/ferroelectric interfacial barrier height increases with the top-electrode work function. While larger metal work functions result in larger OFF/ON ratios, they also produce a large internal electric field which results in large and potentially destructive switching voltages.

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confidence: 73%

Engineering ferroelectric tunnel junctions through potential profile shaping

et al. 2015

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“…Appropriate corrections were introduced into mainstream CFE theory in the 1950s [24][25][26][27], most definitively by Murphy and Good (MG) [27]. The outcome was the revised FN-type equation…”

Section: Figure 1 Near Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of emission parameters for large-area field emitters, using a technically complete Fowler–Nordheim-type equation

2012

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In papers on cold field electron emission from large area field emitters (LAFEs), it has become widespread practice to publish a misleading Fowler-Nordheim-type (FN-type) equation. This equation over-predicts the LAFE-average current density by a large highly-variable factor thought to usually lie between 10 3 and 10 9 . This equation, although often referenced to FN's 1928 paper, is a simplified equation used in undergraduate teaching, does not apply unmodified to LAFEs, and does not appear in the 1928 paper. Technological LAFE papers often do not cite any theoretical work more recent than 1928, and often do not comment on the discrepancy between theory and experiment. This usage has occurred widely, in several high-profile American and UK applied-science journals (including Nanotechnology), and in various other places. It does not inhibit practical LAFE development, but can give a misleading impression of potential LAFE performance to non-experts. This paper shows how the misleading equation can be replaced by a conceptually complete FN-type equation that uses three high-level correction factors. One of these, or a combination of two of them, may be useful as an additional measure of LAFE quality; this paper describes a method for estimating factor values using experimental data, and discusses when it can be used. Suggestions are made for improved engineering practice in reporting LAFE results. Some of these should help to prevent situations arising whereby an equation appearing in high-profile applied-science journals is used to support statements that an engineering regulatory body might deem to involve professional negligence.2

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“…FE refers to the quantum-mechanical phenomenon of electron tunneling from a conductor into the vacuum through a surface potential barrier whose width is significantly reduced by a high local electric field [21][22][23][24][25]. The tunneling probability depends very strongly on the width of the potential barrier and decreases exponentially with increasing barrier width.…”

Section: Field Emission Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The value of β depends on the microscopic geometry of the emitters and is the most important factor that affects the FE performance. Nanomaterials with enormously high aspect ratios, such as CNCs and CNTs, are known to have very high β, and have been demonstrated to be excellent field emitters with low turn-on E fields [21][22][23][24][25].…”

Section: Field Emission Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Fabrication and Simulation of Self-Focusing Field Emission X-ray Tubes

et al. 2015

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A self-focusing field emission (FE) X-ray tube with a large-area cathode design was simulated and fabricated. The designed X-ray tube had a cylindrically symmetric geometry; the diameter of the cathode and the anode was 15 mm, and the cathode-anode distance was 20 mm. Owing to the unique cup-shaped design of the cathode, the electron beam emitted from the large-area cathode was focused onto the anode without using magnetic lenses or extra biased electrodes. Carbon nanocoils, which were grown on the bottom of the circular cup-shaped cathode, were used as electron emitters because of their excellent FE properties. A simulation of the electron trajectories for various cup heights revealed that the optimal focal spot size (0.1 mm) was obtained at a cup height of 5 mm OPEN ACCESSAppl. Sci. 2015, 5 943 when a voltage of 50 kV was applied. To verify this result, an X-ray tube was fabricated and tested. An X-ray photograph of the tested tooth and electric circuits showed good resolution and X-ray intensity. The large cathode area effectively reduces the current density and thereby improves the lifetime of the cathode.

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Field Emission

Cited by 303 publications

References 90 publications

Engineering ferroelectric tunnel junctions through potential profile shaping

Engineering ferroelectric tunnel junctions through potential profile shaping

Extraction of emission parameters for large-area field emitters, using a technically complete Fowler–Nordheim-type equation

Fabrication and Simulation of Self-Focusing Field Emission X-ray Tubes

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