Field evaluation of diffusive gradients in thin-film passive samplers for wastewater-based epidemiology

Trends and challenges in analytical chemistry for multi-analysis of illicit drugs employing wastewater-based epidemiology

“…Another type of passive sampling that can be highlighted is the use of diffusive gradients in thin films (o-DGT) to sample organic compounds. Liu et al [ 35 ] tested three different resins (Oasis HLB from Waters Corporation, USA; XAD18 from Sigma-Aldrich, USA; and XDA-1 from Sunresin Co. Ltd., China) as binders to the o-DGT membrane for passive sampling of 15 illicit drugs and other organic compounds. These resins provided similar results in terms of the amounts and concentrations of the analytes quantified.…”

Identification of biomarkers in wastewater-based epidemiology: Main approaches and analytical methods

“…These reviews categorized biomarkers depending a little bit on the authors criterion but in all cases consumption, exposure, health/disease and lifestyle/consumption are main drivers of these classifications. Studies focus on consumption of mostly illicit drugs [ 19 , 23 , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] ] but also food [ 42 , 43 ], artificial sweeteners [ 44 , 45 ], alcohol [ [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] ], caffeine [ 52 , 53 ], nicotine [ 47 , [51] , [52] , [53] ] and/or tobacco [ [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] ], new psychoactive substances [ 39 , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] ], opioids [ 18 , 64 , 65 ], pharmaceuticals [ 22 , 34 , 53 , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] ] and personal care products [ 34 ] are the most common. These studies are the most elaborated, as especially in the case of drugs of abuse, work has been ongoing since 2005 and there has been a major effort by many research groups to collaborate many times disinterestedly to systematize the methodology and address the drawbacks.…”

“…Liu et al. [ 69 ] evaluated diffusive gradients in thin-film passive samplers for 15 illicit drugs and 18 antibiotics using three types of resin gels (HLB, XAD 18, and XDA-1). Both types of samplers were capable to establish the concentrations of target biomarkers in wastewater influents showing as promising devices for providing essential monitoring data for WBE.…”