PERSPECTIVES AND OVERVIEWLocation and selection of an oviposition site is an essential part of the life history of all mosquito species. The remarkable number of oviposition be haviors range from the common, e.g. deposition of eggs on or near the water surface, to the unusual, e.g. egg brooding by adult females (73,74). The initiation of an ovipositional flight is linked with environmental factors, especially rainfall, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed. The location and selection of an oviposition site involves visual, olfactory, and tactile responses.Since pathogen acquisition by vector mosquitoes usually requires the taking of at least one blood meal, disease transmission usually requires the comple tion of at least one oviposition cycle before pathogen transfer can occur with a subsequent blood meal. Oviposition is thus an important component of most mosquito-borne diseases.A tremendous amount has been written concerning mosquito oviposition. A large proportion of the studies have dealt with laboratory investigations on mosquito response to chemical and physical aspects of the oviposition site;relatively few field studies have been attempted. In this review we discuss general aspects of mosquito oviposition in nature, as well as the interplay 401 0066-4170/89/0101-0401$02.00 Annu. Rev. Entomol. 1989.34:401-421. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Yale University STERLING CHEMISTRY LIBRARY on 10/11/09. For personal use only. Quick links to online content Further ANNUAL REVIEWS 402 BENTLEY & DAY of chemical, physical, and physiological factors in oviposition site selection.Considering the number of published papers in the literature on oviposition, it is not possible for us to cite all of the important work. Rather, we attempt a broad survey of selected aspects of the chemical ecology and the oviposition behavior of gravid mosquitoes.
OVIPOSITION BEHA VIOR IN NATUREThere are many similarities between mosquito host-seeking and oviposition behaviors. Both require complex integration of physical and chemical cues by searching mosquitoes. Long-range cues, probably involving vision, allow mosquitoes to identify different habitats (14) and specific host and oviposition site characteristics. As mosquitoes approach a host or an oviposition site other cues become important. For example, olfactory cues help mosquitoes to identify CO2 odor plumes from a host or volatile factors at the oviposition site. Once a host or an oviposition site has been identified, short-range cues become increasingly important. Short-range cues include temperature and chemical signals received by contact chemoreceptors. E1ectrophysiological studies have demonstrated that as the blood meal is digested in Aedes aegypti, neurons sensitive to host-produced cues, such as lactic acid, become less sensitive, while neurons sensitive to oviposition site attractants, such as methyl butyrate, become more sensitive (25).Certain mosquito species exhibit a great deal of specialization in both host and oviposition site selection, while ...