Field Evaluation of Truck-Mounted Thermal Fog of DUET™ and Aqualuer® Using Different Solvents Against Aedes albopictus

Abstract

DUET ultra-low volume (ULV) (1% parllethrin, 5% sumithrin) and Aqualuer ULV (20.6% permethrin), applied neat, diluted with mineral oil, and diluted with diesel oil by a truck-mounted thermal fogger (LongRay TS-95 model) was evaluated in the field against caged Aedes albopictus adults. The application of Aqualuer ULV was significantly more effective than DUET ULV (t = 12.1, df = 5, P < 0.001) without dilution. There were no significant differences between the applications of DUET ULV or Aqualuer ULV diluted 1:3 with mineral oil (t = 0.662, df = 5, P = 0.518) or with 1:3 of diesel oil (t = 1.19, df = 5, P = 0.251). The solvents (mineral oil and diesel oil) to dilute DUET and Aqualuer and sprayed by the truck-mounted thermal fogger did not result in significant differences in the mortalities of caged Ae. albopictus.

Characteristics and Efficacy of Three Commercial Handheld Thermal Foggers with Pyrethroid Insecticides Against Three Species of Mosquitoes

“…Unlike Xue et al (2013a), the present study's results indicated DUET (prallethrin, sumithrin, PBO; at a higher dose) created a higher mortality in caged mosquitoes compared to Black FlagH Fogging Insecticide Formula 2 (sumithrin). As in Xue et al (2012), our sumithrin fog was effective in treating Cx.…”

“…Handheld foggers, such as the ones that were evaluated here, provide an alternative to bulky ULV and thermal fogger machines, which may have strict polices on the time of day they can be utilized. Handheld foggers are easy-to-carry equipment that produce visible plumes, which indicate they are working, and they can be used as area "spot" treatments during daylight hours (WHO 2003;Xue et al 2013aXue et al , 2013b. Both the daytime occurrence of fogging and the visible plume could provide valuable opportunities for education of homeowners on prevention and control methods for mosquitoes (Naranjo et al 2014).…”

Gravid Culex pipiens Exhibit A Reduced Susceptibility to Ultra–Low Volume Adult Control Treatments Under Field Conditions

“…Using multiple cages in a caged field trial can also provide important data on the spatial pattern of mosquito mortality, the distance of the effect, and the influence of wind or other local meteorological conditions. More recent studies detailing the effectiveness of adult control materials containing the active ingredients d-phenothrin and prallethrin have also relied on caged adult trials to characterize the treatment effect and determine effectiveness (Qualls and Xue 2010, Suman et al 2012, Xue et al 2013, Farajollahi and Williams 2013. While cage trials are very useful for standardizing treatment conditions, evaluating the magnitude of control exerted, and making clear comparisons between potential control materials, they do not provide any direct information about the effect of a treatment on existing natural mosquito populations.…”

Is outdoor vector control needed for malaria elimination? An individual-based modelling study

“…In addition, it can target the vectors displaying more outdoor human biting activity in response to the indoor interventions [7, 11, 12, 18, 21]. There are several outdoor adult mosquito control methods, such as thermal fogging [22, 23], insecticide-treated cattle [24–26], male swarm spraying [27], “push–pull system” (indoor spatial repellent and outdoor traps) [28, 29], and mosquito landing box [30, 31]. There are also outdoor larval source management tools which are recommended by the WHO as supplementary malaria vector control methods [32, 33], but the feasibility is limited because of the large number of small and temporary larval habitats of malaria vectors [34].…”