Field evolved resistance to carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, and new chemistry insecticides in Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

Spodoptera litura Fab. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest and has been shown to be resistant to a wide range of insecticides, which has led to sporadic out breaks of the pest and failure of crops. We were interested to establish if resistance to insecticides is diverse in different populations of S. litura collected from various areas with variable temperatures. We collected S. litura from eight different locations and compare the toxicity of insecticides. Resistance to the pyrethroids ranged from 20-to 11,700-fold compared with the Lab-PK (laboratory susceptible population). The resistance to bifenthrin was the lowest in a population collected from Multan and the highest to esfenvalerate in a population collected from Lodhran. Similarly, very high level of resistance to spinosad, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide was observed in all eight populations. In contrast, resistance to organophosphates was significantly lower than the pyrethroids, spinosad, indoxacarb, and methoxyfenozide, while toxicity of emamectin to field populations was similar to the LabPk. The results are discussed in relation to integrated pest management (IPM) for S. litura with special reference to management of field evolved resistance to insecticides.

Baseline susceptibility and resistance stability of Earias vittella fabricius (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cypermethrin, deltamethrin and spinosad

“…Pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) and novel chemistry (spinosad) are commonly used for the management of various pests worldwide, including Pakistan. Due to extensive use, resistance to these insecticides has been reported in many insect pests such as Cydia pomonella (Bouvier et al 2001;Sauphanor et al 2000), H. armigera (Achaleke & Brévault 2010;Faheem et al 2013;Qayyum et al 2015;Wang et al 2009), M. domestica (Abbas et al 2014b;Shi et al 2011), Plutella xylostella (L.) (Sayyed et al 2005;Sayyed et al 2008;Sonoda 2010), S. litura (Ahmad et al 2007;Shad et al 2012) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Ishtiaq et al 2012) in different parts of the World.…”

“…However, the development of resistance in these pests slows down the effectiveness of new preparations and it is difficult to find more effective insecticides (Ahmad & Arif 2009;Faheem et al 2013;Shad et al 2012). The use of insecticides with long residual action in close vicinities of productive areas exerts a strong selection pressure that increases resistance development (Scott et al 2000).…”

Monitoring resistance of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) to new chemical insecticides in Punjab, Pakistan

“…The development of insecticide resistance in an area generally depends upon the extensive use of insecticides . Resistance to new chemical insecticides (neonicotinoids, spinosyns, avermectins, oxadiazine, insect growth regulators) has been reported in different insect pests such as in Aedes albopictus Skuse (Khan et al, 2011), Aphis gossypii Glover (Nauen and Denholm, 2005), B. tabaci (Basit et al, 2013;Schuster et al, 2010), H. armigera (Faheem et al, 2013), Musca domestica L. Kaufman et al, 2010;Khan et al, 2013b), Myzus persicae Sulzer (Srigiriraju et al, 2010), Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Zhang et al, 2014), S. litura Shad et al, 2012) and Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Ishtiaq et al, 2012). The development of resistance is promoted by a number of biological traits such as adaptability to different environments, high fecundity, short developmental time, and crossresistance.…”

Introducing the term 'Biocontrol Plants' for integrated pest management

“…Chemical pest control has to be reduced owing to its unwanted effects on non-targeted organisms (Biondi et al, 2012a(Biondi et al, , 2012bDesneux et al, 2007;Han et al, 2010) and pest resistance (Liang et al, 2012;Shad et al, 2012). Thus, alternative and sustainable long-lasting pest control methods are urgently needed to enhance the activity of benefi cial organisms (Jonsson et al, 2008;Wratten et al, 2012).…”