“…In practical systems one should increase the acceptance angle and hence reduce the concentration ratio for a number of reasons: shape, contour errors and roughness of the optical surfaces (Annen et al, 2007), temperature effects in optics (Rumyantsev et al, 2010;Schult et al, 2009;Gombert et al, 2011;van Riesen et al, 2011), concentrator module assembly and receiver alignment (Antón et al, 2005), array installation, tracker structure finite stiffness (Luque-Heredia et al, 2006), suntracking accuracy (Davis et al, 2008;Stafford et al, 2009), solar angular size (Rabl et al, 1982) and circumsolar radiation (Neumann et al, 2002). Most optical designs include both primary and secondary optics to increase the acceptance angle (Ning et al, 1987;James, 1989;Benítez et al, 2010;Jaus et al 2011), although some companies have chosen to avoid the cost of an optical secondary by carefully maintaining alignment quality and sacrificing a small percentage in performance under some circumstances .…”