Field integral measurement of a six period undulator in a pulsed wire set up

Intensity-Dependent Electron Mass Shift in a Laser Field: Existence, Universality, and Detection

“…We have therefore plotted, for simplicity, the classical emission spectra of a particle in a plane wave, using the textbook methods of [37, §14]. The two different sets of frequencies implied by (10) and (11) are marked by vertical lines in the figure, and the peaks in the emission rates are clearly visible at these frequencies. This shows manifestly that the monochromatic mass shift m * , (3), plays no role in the emission spectrum for the field (9).…”

“…In both cases, the theory behind the mass shift is based on the assumption of periodic, essentially univariate fields [8,9]. This is a good description of the regular, well understood magnetic fields of an undulator [10]. For laser fields, the mass shift was originally described using a monochromatic plane wave model [11,12], and one reason for the lack of an observation in this case is transverse size effects.…”

Event-triggered distributed filtering for discrete-time systems with integral measurements

“…Remark 2.1: The integral measurement phenomenon often occurs in engineering applications such as chemical processes and nuclear reaction processes (Casoli et al, 2014;Guo & Huang, 2015;Markov & Mikhailov, 2014;Tripathi et al, 2011). The typical feature of these kinds of systems is that the state difference is very small between the adjacent sampling instants.…”

“…In other words, the measurement outputs might be relevant not only to the current system state but also to the system states in a given past period. The above phenomena are called the integral measurements, which often emerges in engineering applications like nuclear reaction processes (Casoli et al, 2014;Markov & Mikhailov, 2014;Tripathi et al, 2011) and chemical reaction processes (Guo & Huang, 2015). In light of its universality, the state estimate problem regarding the integral measurements has received initial attention recently (Guo & Huang, 2015;Liu et al, 2018;Shen et al, 2020).…”

State estimation and fault reconstruction with integral measurements under partially decoupled disturbances

“…In reality, the system measurements might be in proportion to the integral of the system states over a given time period due to probably the delayed data collection and the real‐time signal processing. This phenomenon, known as integral measurement , often occurs in engineering applications such as chemical processes and nuclear reaction processes [35–37]. In [38], a novel model has been put forward to describe the integral measurement and a modified unscented Kalman filter has been developed to estimate the states of the addressed non‐linear system.…”