Field intercomparison of five types of fog water collectors

Hering, Susanne V.; Blumenthal, D.L.; Brewer, Robert L.; Gertler, Alan W.; Hoffmann, Michael H. W.; Kadlecek, John A.; Pettus, Keith

doi:10.1021/es00161a006

Cited by 49 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The volume of air swept by the collector is about 6.5 m 3 min-• and the mean collection efficiency calculated after Ranz and Wong [1952] is 90% for d > 8 /•m and 20% for d = 5/•m. The ASRC collector was recently deployed in the field during an intercomparison study of fog water sampling devices and is described in a report of that study [Hering et al, 1987]. The FISBAT collector (Figure 3b) consists of a polyethylene frame connected to an arm rotating at 15 rpm.…”

Section: Winter Situationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Heterogeneous processes in the Po Valley radiation fog

Fuzzi¹,

Orsi²,

Nardini³

et al. 1988

J. Geophys. Res.

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The heterogeneous processes responsible for fog water chemical composition are examined in this paper. SO2/SO4= and NOx/HNO3/NO3− systems have been particularly investigated for their role in the production of acidity within the dispersed liquid phase. A program is presented, involving several European and American institutes, which has thus far provided the following main results: (1) nucleation scavenging represents a major source of sulphate in fog, but a potential also exists for SO2 conversion in the liquid phase; (2) excess nitrate which was found in fog, with respect to the prefog aerosol concentration, appears to derive from gas phase HNO3 incorporation into the droplets. Chemical processes seem to be active at the stage of fog formation, with microphysical condensation/evaporation/deposition/entrainment processes being primarily responsible for changes in the chemical composition of the system during fog evolution. Additional and improved data requirements indicated by our results are discussed.

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Section: Winter Situationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Heterogeneous processes in the Po Valley radiation fog

Fuzzi¹,

Orsi²,

Nardini³

et al. 1988

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…An active sampler based on a design by Global Geochemistry Corporation [Hering et al, 1987] was used. A fan is used to pull the fog through a thick mesh of polypropylene strands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fog water condenses on the strands and runs down a Teflon-lined PVC pipe to a sample bottle at the bottom of a V-shaped configuration. Fog droplets larger than 5 •tm are sampled with at least 98% collection efficiency [Hering et al, 1987]. Samples are collected over a period ranging from 30 to 90 min, depending on the liquid water content of the fog, with denser fogs requiring less sampling time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fog samples were collected at three locations: at New Castle, New Hampshire, within 10 m of the shore at the same location as the aerosol and precipitation samplers; at Plum Islan& Massachusetts, within I0 m of the Gulf of Maine; and on the west side of Plum Island, within 5 m of the water. An active sampler based on a design by Global Geochemistry Corporation [Hering et al, 1987] was used. A fan is used to pull the fog through a thick mesh of polypropylene strands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Water‐soluble nitrogen at the New Hampshire sea coast: HNO₃, aerosols, precipitation, and fog

Jordan¹,

Talbot²,

Keim³

2000

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. An intensive sampling program was carried out from May 1994 through November 1997 on the shore of the Gulf of Maine in New Castle, New }tampshire. Daily (24 hour averages) samples of bulk aerosol and gas phase HNO3, precipitation, and 20 aerosol size distributions were obtained. Particulate NH4* and gas phase HNO3 were the dominant water-soluble nitrogen species in the atmosphere. There was a summer peak in the mixing ratios of both of these species. Daily mixing ratios of HNO3 and all aerosol species were highly variable, yet the annual averages tended to be similar from one year to the next. The concentrations of all the inorganic species we measured in precipitation were generally higher than those of two National Acid Deposition Program (NADP) coastal sites. In particular, the annual volume-weighted means for NO3-(22 -27 •tmol/L) and NH4 + (11 -17 •tmol/L) were found to be 20% -60% and 40% -90% higher, respectively, than those reported from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Nitrate was the dominant inorganic nitrogen ion in precipitation at New Castle. In autumn, concentrations of continentally derived species in precipitation decreased substantially while sea salts increased. There was insufficient NH3 to fully neutralize HNO3 and H2SO 4 in aerosols and precipitation. The overall atmospheric chemistry in this region was heavily dominated by anthropogenic pollution products. The samples collected were used in conjunction with 1000 hPa streamlines to classify sampled air masses according to their surface level transport and chemistry. Eight characteristic groups were defined; of these the three primary groups were polluted continental, "clean" continental, and marine. Highly variable mixing ratios of HNO3 and aerosol species were observed within each group from day to day, yet each group had a unique average chemical signature. On average, the HNO3 and aerosol mixing ratios observed in 1995 were roughly a factor of 2 lower than seen for the groups in other years. Overall, mixed conditions occurred in 42% of the samples, continental species were dominant in 37%, and marine species were dominant in 21%. Rain occurred frequently under sea-salt-dominant conditions; about 47% of the days classified as such had rain events. Fog chemistry and average aerosol chemical size distributions were evaluated based on which species dominated their chemical signatures, marine, continental, or a relatively even mixture of the two. Particulate NO 3-was associated with sea-salt Na* in the coarse aerosol fraction peaking at approximately 4 •m in diameter. There was also a distinct secondary peak in the submicron fraction observed in air dominated by continental aerosols. Particulate NH4 + was associated with non-sea-salt SO4 2' (nss-SO42-), with the bulk of the NH4 + present on particles in the 0.43 -1.1 •tm diameter range. Although nss-SO42-was primarily found in the submicron size range, a substantial fraction (> 25%) was found in the supermicron range for all three cases. Chloride was depleted on average 25% in aerosols and 1...

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“…Therefore, it has been a priority to search for new supply systems to provide the water needed for arid or relatively dry sites, which are traditionally isolated from central water supplies. Among the systems proposed to address this shortage, fog catchers can provide a relatively accessible water supply in elevated zones, where a high proportion of this natural resource may be collected (Hering et al, 1987;Schemenauer and Cereceda, 1991;Fuzzi et al, 1997;Regalado and Ritter, 2016). A fog catcher can economically extract water that can be used by the surrounding villages (Pajares et al, 2011;WMO, 2011).…”

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confidence: 99%