Field measurements of airborne concentration and deposition rate of maize pollen

Jarosz, Nathalie; Loubet, Benjamin; Durand, Brigitte; McCartney, Alastair; Foueillassar, Xavier; Huber, Laurent

doi:10.1016/s0168-1923(03)00118-7

Cited by 115 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Table 1 summarises all pollen measurements made in 2001 and 2002. Daily pollen production was estimated using the method described in (8). Briefly, individual tassels were enclosed in breathable plastic bags and the pollen produced during a 24h period was collected.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variations in Maize Pollen Emission and Deposition in Relation to Microclimate

Jarosz

Loubet

Durand

et al. 2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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ABSTRACT. The co-existence of genetically modified (GM) crops with conventional crops has become a subject of debate and inquiry. Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most cultivated crop plants in the world and there is a need to assess the risks of cross-pollination. Concentration and deposition rate downwind from different-sized maize crops were measured during three flowering seasons, together with micrometeorological conditions in the surrounding environment. Pollen release started once the air vapour pressure deficit (VPD) increases above 0.2 to 0.5 kPa. Moreover, the dynamics of release was correlated with the dynamics of VPD surrounding the tassels. Horizontal deposition appeared to follow a power law over short distance downwind from the source, and the dispersal distance increased with the source canopy height, and the roughness length of the downwind canopy. This work also provides a data set containing both pollen measurements and contrasting weather conditions to validate dispersal models and further investigate maize pollen dispersal processes.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At Grignon, vertical concentration profiles were measured at 6 heights (Table 1), 3 m and 10 m downwind from the source plot, using rotating-arm pollen traps (8,15). Wind speeds were measured at the same heights on the masts in order to estimate the horizontal flux through them.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in Maize Pollen Emission and Deposition in Relation to Microclimate

Jarosz

Loubet

Durand

et al. 2005

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…This means that both the physical properties of the atmosphere and the pollen grains determine the airborne pollen transport from the source (e.g. Jarosz et al 2003;Arritt et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in the accuracy of back trajectories using WRF to identify pollen sources in southern Iberian Peninsula

et al. 2014

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Airborne pollen transport at micro-, meso-gamma and meso-beta scales must be studied by atmospheric models, having special relevance in complex terrain. In these cases, the accuracy of these models is mainly determined by the spatial resolution of the underlying meteorological dataset. This work examines how meteorological datasets determine the results obtained from atmospheric transport models used to describe pollen transport in the atmosphere. We investigate the effect of the spatial resolution when computing backward trajectories with the HYSPLIT model. We have used meteorological datasets from the WRF model with 27, 9 and 3 km resolutions and from the GDAS files with 1°resolution. This work allows characterizing atmospheric transport of Olea pollen in a region with complex flows. The results show that the complex terrain affects the trajectories and this effect varies with the different meteorological datasets. Overall, the change from GDAS to WRF-ARW inputs improves the analyses with the HYSPLIT model, thereby increasing the understanding the pollen episode. The results indicate that a spatial resolution of at least 9 km is needed to simulate atmospheric flows that are considerable affected by the relief of the landscape. The results suggest that the appropriate meteorological files should be considered when atmospheric models are used to characterize the atmospheric transport of pollen on micro-, mesogamma and meso-beta scales. Furthermore, at these scales, the results are believed to be generally applicable for related areas such as the description of atmospheric transport of radionuclides or in the definition of nuclear-radioactivity emergency preparedness.

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“…The methods used to study gene flow include potential pollen-mediated gene flow (which includes the analysis of pollen viability, pollen dispersal and deposition, pollen capture and computer modelling) [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26] and pollen-mediated gene flow (which involves determining the extent of cross-pollination over distance and computer modelling) [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. While several studies have determined the extent of cross-pollination at different distances ranging from 34 to 650 m, it is not certain how applicable these data are to the maize growing region of South Africa.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A case study of GM maize gene flow in South Africa

Viljoen

Chetty

2011

Environ Sci Eur

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Background: South Africa has been growing first-generation commercial genetically modified (GM) maize since 1997. Despite a requirement for non-GM food, especially for export, there is no system for coexistence of GM and non-GM crop. Gene flow is a major contributor to commingling, and different distances of cross-pollination have been recorded for maize, using a variety of field-trial designs under different environmental conditions, with the furthest distance being 650 m. However, these trials have usually been small plots and not on the scale of commercial farming. There are also no published data regarding the extent of cross-pollination for maize in South Africa, even after a decade of commercialization of GM. Thus, the aim of this study, conducted from 2005 to 2007, was to determine the extent of GM maize cross-pollination under South African conditions in the context of commercial farming practice. Materials and methods: Field trials were planted with a central plot of yellow GM maize (0.0576 ha) surrounded by white non-GM maize (13.76 ha), in two different geographic regions over two seasons with temporal and spatial isolations to surrounding commercial maize planting. Cross-pollination from GM to non-GM maize was determined phenotypically across 16 directional transects. Pollen counts during flowering were compared to weather data as well as percentage cross-pollination. The data were transformed logarithmically, and mean percentage cross-pollination was compared to high cross-pollination. Results and discussion: Although there was a general congruency between wind data, pollen load and crosspollination, it is evident that wind data and pollen load do not solely explain the directional extent of crosspollination and that swirling winds may have contributed to this incongruence. Based on the logarithmic equations of cross-pollination over distance, 45 m is sufficient to minimize cross-pollination to between <1.0% and 0.1%, 145 m for <0.1% to 0.01% and 473 m for <0.01% to 0.001%. However, compared to this, a theoretical isolation distance of 135 m is required to ensure a minimum level of cross-pollination between <1.0% and 0.1%, 503 m for <0.1% to 0.01% and 1.8 km for <0.01% to 0.001% based on high values of cross-pollination. Conclusions: Based on the results of this study, the use of mean values of cross-pollination over distance may result in an underestimation of gene flow. Where stringent control of gene flow is required, for example, for non-GM seed production or for GM field trials under contained use, the high values of cross-pollination should be used to determine isolation distance. However, this may not be practical in terms of the isolation distance required. We therefore suggest that temporal and distance isolations be combined, taking into account the GM maize pollen sources within the radius of the most stringent isolation distance required.

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Field measurements of airborne concentration and deposition rate of maize pollen

Cited by 115 publications

References 24 publications

Variations in Maize Pollen Emission and Deposition in Relation to Microclimate

Variations in Maize Pollen Emission and Deposition in Relation to Microclimate

Improvement in the accuracy of back trajectories using WRF to identify pollen sources in southern Iberian Peninsula

A case study of GM maize gene flow in South Africa

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