Field measurements of SOP transients in OPGW, with time and location correlation to lightning strikes

Charlton, D.; Clarke, Steven; Doucet, David; O’Sullivan, Maurice; Peterson, Daniel L.; Wilson, Dianne; Wellbrock, Glenn A.; Bélanger, Michel

doi:10.1364/oe.25.009689

Cited by 97 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…RSOP of 10 Mrad/s could still be tracked by using the proposed two schemes. It is reported that the polarization rotation speed of SOP will be as fast as 5.4 Mrad/s in [5], and that means the proposed schemes can perfectly overcome this problem. And owing to faster convergence speed, it can be also seen that the polarization tracking speed of the RLS-NPCA is a little faster than that of the LMS-NPCA.…”

Section: Txmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, computational complexity and power consumption of DSP algorithms in coherent detection are the most major concern for medium and short-reach applications. Furthermore, a polarization division multiplexing (PDM) coherent optical transmission system is usually limited by the ultrafast rotation of state of polarization (RSOP) [5], [6] and the time-varying laser phase noise. Therefore, a low-complexity and high-performance DSP algorithm is highly desired.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Europe, there are about 30 direct lightning strikes per 100 km of OPGW per year [6]. It has been reported that this kind of fast polarization rotation will be as fast as 5.4 Mrad/s [5], and this will cause the commonly used polarization tracking algorithms such as CMA invalidation. To address this issue, several fast polarization tracking algorithms including Kalman filter (KF) [16], independent component analysis (ICA) [17], and nonlinear principal component analysis (NPCA) [18], [19] have been proposed recently.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation on Low-Complexity Adaptive Equalizer Including RSOP Tracking and Phase Recovery for 112 Gb/s PDM-QPSK Transmission System

Song

et al. 2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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A low-complexity adaptive equalizer including equalization, rotation of state of polarization (RSOP) tracking, and phase recovery is proposed for coherent optical polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM) quadrature phase-shifting keying (QPSK) transmission system. A conventional N-tap 2x2 butterfly finite impulse response filter is simplified to two N-tap filters and a 1-tap 2x2 filter. Two N-tap filters could compensate for inter-symbol interference and residual chromatic dispersion based on the same error cost function from the power sum of two polarization coupling constant modulus signals. 1-tap 2x2 filter which works on the nonlinear principal component analysis (NPCA) criterion is designed for joint polarization demultiplexing and phase recovery. NPCA is proved to not only void the singularity problem in the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) but also has faster tracking capability. Two kinds of adaptive equalizers using least mean squares NPCA (LMS-NPCA) and recursive least squares NPCA (RLS-NPCA) are compared in our simulation and experiment. In an experiment of 112 Gb/s PDM-QPSK transmission over 50 km standard single-mode fiber, the proposed two schemes have better transmission performance at RSOP speed of 1 Mrad/s and 5 Mrad/s compared to the conventional CMA and Viterbi-Viterbi phase estimation (VVPE) scheme. The reduced complexity of the proposed schemes is more than 40%.

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Section: Txmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Investigation on Low-Complexity Adaptive Equalizer Including RSOP Tracking and Phase Recovery for 112 Gb/s PDM-QPSK Transmission System

Song

et al. 2021

IEEE Photonics J.

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“…An in-depth study performed using Verizon aerial fiber in [9,10] showed that aerial fibers typically encounter higher SOP transients than those buried in the ground. In [11], data were collected from an OPGW plant in order to determine the correlation between SOP transients and lightning strikes.…”

Section: Causes Of State-of-polarization Transientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Filtering in Optical Coherent Flexible Bit-Rate Receivers in the Presence of State-of-Polarization Transients and Colored Noise

Abdo

D’Amours

2019

Journal of Computer Networks and Communications

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In this article, we analyze the performance of adaptive filtering in the context of dual-polarization coherent optical flexible bit-rate transceivers. We investigate the ability of different adaptive algorithms to track fast state-of-polarization (SOP) transients in the presence of colored noise. Colored noise exists due to the concatenation of Wavelength Selective Switches (WSSs) and polarization dependent loss (PDL) which can be considered as spatially dependent noise. We consider the use of different modulation formats, and the practical limitation of error signal feedback delay in decision-directed adaptive filters is also taken into account. The back-to-back required signal-to-noise ratio (RSNR) penalty that can be tolerated determines the maximum SOP rate of change that can be tracked by the adaptive filters as well as the filter’s adaptive step size. We show that the recursive least squares algorithm, using the covariance matrix as an aggressive “step size,” has a much better convergence speed compared to the least mean squares (LMS) and normalized LMS (NLMS) algorithms in the presence of colored noise in the fiber. However, the three algorithms have similar tracking capabilities in the absence of colored noise.

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“…Based on the polarization characteristics of light, the PDM technology uses two orthogonal optical carrier polarization states to simultaneously propagate two signals, which can double the capacity of communication systems [7]. However, some factors such as mechanical vibration and extreme weather may lead to rapid changes of signal polarization state in a coherent optical communication system [8]. This type of signal effect is called the rotation of state of polarization (RSOP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time Reverse Equalization Algorithm for 16 QAM Coherent Optical Communication Systems

Zhang

2021

IEEE Access

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The high speed rotation of state of polarization (RSOP) is a key issue for 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) coherent optical polarization division multiplexing (PDM) communication systems in strong lightning weather. To reduce the bit error rate (BER) caused by the high speed of RSOP, the historical information is first proposed to correct the demodulation process in coherent optical communication systems. By adding the time reverse error term into the cost function, a new equalization algorithm is proposed for coherent optical communication systems. Compared with the conventional Multimodulus Algorithm (MMA), simulation results show that the average BER and steady-state error (SSE) of the new algorithm is reduced by 33.47% and 4.08%, respectively. Moreover, the average tolerance of RSOP of the new algorithm is increased by 28.57% compared with the MMA in 16 QAM coherent optical PDM communication systems.

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Field measurements of SOP transients in OPGW, with time and location correlation to lightning strikes

Cited by 97 publications

References 3 publications

Experimental Investigation on Low-Complexity Adaptive Equalizer Including RSOP Tracking and Phase Recovery for 112 Gb/s PDM-QPSK Transmission System

Experimental Investigation on Low-Complexity Adaptive Equalizer Including RSOP Tracking and Phase Recovery for 112 Gb/s PDM-QPSK Transmission System

Adaptive Filtering in Optical Coherent Flexible Bit-Rate Receivers in the Presence of State-of-Polarization Transients and Colored Noise

Time Reverse Equalization Algorithm for 16 QAM Coherent Optical Communication Systems

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