The
injection of supercritical CO2 into depleted oil
reservoirs for long-term storage will influence the subsurface biogeochemistry
with important implications for future carbon storage sites. In this
study, we characterized produced water collected from CO2 enhanced oil recovery (CO2 EOR) well separators in the
Niagaran Pinnacle Reef, an oil-producing region in the Michigan Basin
that is a proposed target for future geological carbon storage. Our
analysis investigated the geochemical and microbial community composition
of produced water to understand the overall biogeochemistry in subsurface
environments exposed to conditions expected during carbon storage
in a depleted oil reservoir. The majority of sampled wells were characterized
by high salinity and high total dissolved solids ranging from 122,000
to 416,000 mg/L. In addition, the sample wells contained supercritical
concentrations of CO2 (scCO2) that appeared
to drive low microbial community abundance among the sampled wells.
We also observed minimal well-to-well communication, suggesting low
permeability and reduced fluid migration within the reservoir system,
which likely fostered isolated evolution of the reservoir microbiomes.
The predominant microorganisms observed have been described in previous
carbon storage systems, including Desulfotomaculum, Sulfurospirillum, Halanaerobium, Acetobacterium, and Pseudomonas. These taxa may
participate in microbial processes such as sulfide and acid production,
biofilm formation, and biomineralization. These metabolic processes
can impact reservoir quality and stability and long-term carbon storage.
Overall, these results suggest that these
subsurface reservoirs select for stress-tolerant microbial communities
that are adapted to high salinity and scCO2 exposure. This
work contributes to a greater understanding of the site-specific microbiology
in a reservoir targeted for long-term CO2 sequestration.