Field results using cholinesterase reactivation techniques to diagnose acute anticholinesterase poisoning in birds and fish

Stansley, William

doi:10.1007/bf00210723

Cited by 41 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…For example, field studies with birds and reptiles have shown that this diagnostic index of OP toxicity enabled to identify exposed individuals who ChE activity levels were not significantly different from those of non-exposed individuals. [33][34][35] Reactivation of earthworm phosphorylated ChE activity with 2-PAM has revealed as a promising tool for field monitoring of pesticide. 37) However, this attractive methodology requires field validation to be accepted as a suitable indicator of OP exposure, and furthermore, other oximes (e.g., obidoxime, diacetylmonoxime) and esterases (e.g., CbE) should be tested.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some field studies with birds and reptiles have used the chemical reactivation of phosphorylated ChE activity with oximes as a complementary and specific diagnostic index of OP toxicity. [33][34][35] Generally, the sample tested for ChE inhibition by OPs is incubated with oximes such as pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM). An increase of ChE activity in the 2-PAM-treated sample compared to the corresponding control (without the oxime) is attributed to the ability of this nucleophilic compound to remove the OP bound to the active site of the esterase.…”

Section: Need For Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the ability of 2-PAM to reverse phosphorylated ChE activity is highly dependent on the time elapsed since OP exposure. 33) Loss of one alkyl group from the OP-ChE complex occurs when the ChE has undergone prolonged phosphorylation; a process known as aging. At this stage, the oxime is not able to reactivate the ChE activity.…”

Section: Need For Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide contamination: Current status and perspectives

Rodríguez-Castellanos

Sánchez-Hernández²

2007

Journal of Pesticide Science

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Earthworms are standard test organisms in soil toxicity testing. They have been broadly used to assess environmental impact from heavy metal pollution; however, the knowledge on toxic effects from pesticides upon these organisms is still very limited. One of the ecotoxicological approaches to assess pollutant bioavailability and sublethal effects is the use of molecular and biochemical biomarkers. This review focuses on five issues that need further investigation: 1) field validation of earthworm biomarkers of pesticide exposure (e.g., cholinesterases) as well as testing and development in earthworms of those biomarkers of pesticide exposure currently used in other organisms (e.g., carboxylesterases), 2) the impact of environmental and biological interfering factors upon biomarker responses, 3) the development of biomarker-based approaches to assess long-term pesticide exposure, and 4) the need to develop biomarkers of behavioural and reproductive disruption with direct implications at individual and population levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Need For Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Need For Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide contamination: Current status and perspectives

Rodríguez-Castellanos

Sánchez-Hernández²

2007

Journal of Pesticide Science

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“…To avoid this constraint, the use of reactivation techniques Biomarkers of Aquatic Pollution 259 employing nucleophilic oxime reagents, like N,N 00 -trimethyl-ene-bis-(4-hydroxi-iminomethylpyridinium bromide) or pyridine 2-aldoxime (2-PAM) was proposed (30,31). These reactivators can remove organophosphorus inhibitors bound to the active site of the enzyme, resulting in an increase of acetylcholinesterase activity (20,32).…”

Section: Specific Biomarkers: Acetylcholinesterase Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Current and Future Perspectives Using Biomarkers to Assess Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems

Monserrat

Geracitano

Bianchini

2003

Comments on Toxicology

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The possibility of detecting aquatic pollution problems to take corrective decisions is intimately related to the organization levels of the living matter. Measurements at the biochemical or physiological levels detect more quickly and specifically the presence of several toxic compounds, allowing its utilization in a prospective way, until that deleterious effect reaches higher organization levels. The detection of environmental ''hot spots'' needs general nonspecific biomarkers if no previous information about the presence of specific pollutants exist. Since several xenobiotics can modify directly or indirectly the balance between pro-oxidant and antioxidant concentration, the determination of oxidative stress (DNA damage, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation) in aquatic species is commonly used as a nonspecific biomarker. On the other hand, acetylcholinesterase activity or determination of metallothionein concentration (or expression) represents specific biomarkers that indicate the presence of anticholinesterasic compounds (organophosphorus pesticides or neurotoxins, for instance) and metals, respectively. The fact that animal populations inhabiting polluted areas can express responses qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of reference areas has lead to the ''pollution induced community tolerance'' approach that seems to be a valuable tool to compare toxicological responses of different aquatic populations.

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“…In addition to chemical analysis, acetylcholinesterase (AchE) or cholinesterase (ChE) activities were measured in brain tissue and plasma, respectively, when these samples were available following the Ellman's method as described by Hill and Fleming (1982). In vitro AchE and ChE reactivations with buffer dilution (i.e., for carbamates) or 2-PAM addition (i.e., for organophosphates) (as described by Stansley, 1993) were used to support the chemical analysis.…”

Section: Toxicological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk assessment of bearded vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus ) exposure to topical antiparasitics used in livestock within an ecotoxicovigilance framework

Mateo

Sánchez-Barbudo

Camarero

et al. 2015

Science of The Total Environment

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Field results using cholinesterase reactivation techniques to diagnose acute anticholinesterase poisoning in birds and fish

Cited by 41 publications

References 26 publications

Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide contamination: Current status and perspectives

Earthworm biomarkers of pesticide contamination: Current status and perspectives

Current and Future Perspectives Using Biomarkers to Assess Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems

Risk assessment of bearded vulture ( Gypaetus barbatus ) exposure to topical antiparasitics used in livestock within an ecotoxicovigilance framework

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