Field studies of corrosion behaviour of copper alloys in natural seawater

Drach, Andrew; Tsukrov, Igor; DeCew, Judson; Aufrecht, J.; Grohbauer, Adolf; Hofmann, Uwe

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2013.07.019

Cited by 91 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Since both treatments had similar initial copper ion release rates at section 16 and they both failed at the same time, this suggests that they had similar rates of release of copper ions during that 44-week period, even though bronze was expected to release copper ions at a lower rate due to the formation of an insoluble tin oxide layer (Drach et al 2013). Importantly, because of the similarities between the copper and bronze gradient tubes, either could be used interchangeably, and as an alternative to current polymer-based technologies (Braithwaite & McEvoy 2005;Braithwaite et al 2007;Guenther et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Assessing the antifouling properties of cold-spray metal embedment using loading density gradients of metal particles

et al. 2014

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Particles of copper, bronze and zinc were embedded into a polymer using cold-spray technology to produce loading density gradients of metal particles. The gradients were used to identify the species with the highest tolerance to the release of copper and zinc ions. The gradients also established the minimum effective release rates (MERRs) of copper and zinc ions needed to prevent the recruitment of fouling under field conditions. Watersipora sp. and Simplaria pseudomilitaris had the highest tolerances to the release of metal ions. Copper and bronze gradient tubes were similar in their MERRs of copper ions against Watersipora sp. (0.058 g m(-2) h(-1) and 0.054 g m(-2) h(-1), respectively) and against S. pseudomilitaris (0.030 g m(-2) h(-1) and 0.025 g m(-2) h(-1), respectively). Zinc was not an effective antifoulant, with failure within two weeks. In conclusion, cold-spray gradients were effective in determining MERRs and these outcomes provide the basis for the development of cold-spray surfaces with pre-determined life-spans using controlled MERRs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Assessing the antifouling properties of cold-spray metal embedment using loading density gradients of metal particles

et al. 2014

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“…When the maximum stress is greater than the limit strength, the copper bending pipe will fail. For other failure modes such as cracks, their probability of occurrence can be ignored according to the existing studies [26,27]. …”

Section: Time-variant Reliability Modeling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Time-Variant Reliability Model for Copper Bending Pipe under Seawater-Active Corrosion Based on the Stochastic Degradation Process

Sun

Liao

et al. 2018

Materials

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In the degradation process, the randomness and multiplicity of variables are difficult to describe by mathematical models. However, they are common in engineering and cannot be neglected, so it is necessary to study this issue in depth. In this paper, the copper bending pipe in seawater piping systems is taken as the analysis object, and the time-variant reliability is calculated by solving the interference of limit strength and maximum stress. We did degradation experiments and tensile experiments on copper material, and obtained the limit strength at each time. In addition, degradation experiments on copper bending pipe were done and the thickness at each time has been obtained, then the response of maximum stress was calculated by simulation. Further, with the help of one kind of Monte Carlo method we propose, the time-variant reliability of copper bending pipe was calculated based on the stochastic degradation process and interference theory. Compared with traditional methods and verified by maintenance records, the results show that the time-variant reliability model based on the stochastic degradation process proposed in this paper has better applicability in the reliability analysis, and it can be more convenient and accurate to predict the replacement cycle of copper bending pipe under seawater-active corrosion.

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“…Copper is a widely used material in large infrastructure applications (grounding, While studies concerning copper corrosion in atmospheric or aqueous environments are abundant in the literature [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], the corrosion of copper or copper−based alloys in soils is scarce [26][27][28][29][30][31][32]. Despite this there is great importance in many industrial applications, as well as in archaeological studies of metal artifacts [30][31][32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of the Steinrath Index Predictions for the Degree of Soil Aggressiveness Toward Copper Corrosion in Soils Contaminated with Chlorides

Fonseca¹,

Niculita²,

Ornelas³

et al. 2015

CORROSION

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The main goal of this study is to validate the Steinhrath index predictions towards copper corrosion in two different soils (loamy and sandy) non−modified and modified with chlorides, reaching the typical levels of seawater and Steinrath indexes varying between (-3) and (-8). Average corrosion rates between 4.5±0.3 and 124.5±0.5 µm y -1 showed to be in good agreement with the predictions of the Steinrath index.The copper surfaces, covered with corrosion products, were analyzed by visual observation, scanning electron microscopy coupled to energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Cuprite (Cu 2 O) has been identified, by XRD, as the main constituent on all the surfaces, with traces of atacamite (Cu 2 (OH) 3 Cl) on top of the Cu 2 O layer. FTIR spectra suggest that, sulfate, silicate and/or hydroxyls are likely to be present. and concluded that, for short time exposures, the mass loss decreases as the amount of water increases.Bech-Nielsen et al. [19] have studied the behavior of copper in moderately acid medium (pH 5.0) and non−deareated chloride aqueous solutions (3% NaCl). Using Auger spectroscopy, the authors identified the presence of a Cu 2 O layer on the surface of copper samples. The layer thickness was found to increase with the exposure time.Soil corrosivity is not a directly measurable parameter and corrosion is largely a random phenomenon, hence no explicit relationship exists between soil properties and soil corrosivity. The soil texture is a parameter that can influence its aggressiveness since the drainage and aeration are texture dependent. Gerwin and Baumhauer [31] have concluded that corrosion of buried iron objects decreased in loamy soils due to oxygen deficiency. On the other hand, a sandy soil results in comparatively good drainage and aeration.Correlation between the corrosion rate of pipeline made of steel and soil parameters has been investigated under both controlled laboratory and natural outdoor conditions by Murray and Moran [33]. They have found a good correlation between corrosion rates of laboratory and outdoor samples. In general, the moisture level appears to control the corrosion rate following a semilog law with water concentration ranging between low (typically 6 wt%) and near saturation (typically 20 to 25 wt%) concentrations. Wang et al. [34] have concluded that the decrease of dissolved oxygen contributes to decrease gradually the corrosion rate of X80 steel in acidic soil solution. In addition, Gardiner and Melchers [35] concluded that oxygen and proton ion (H+) as the most common cathodic depolarizers, both playing its role in the corrosion process of steel in soils.

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Field studies of corrosion behaviour of copper alloys in natural seawater

Cited by 91 publications

References 36 publications

Assessing the antifouling properties of cold-spray metal embedment using loading density gradients of metal particles

Assessing the antifouling properties of cold-spray metal embedment using loading density gradients of metal particles

A Time-Variant Reliability Model for Copper Bending Pipe under Seawater-Active Corrosion Based on the Stochastic Degradation Process

Validation of the Steinrath Index Predictions for the Degree of Soil Aggressiveness Toward Copper Corrosion in Soils Contaminated with Chlorides

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