Field transformations in functional integral, effective action and functional flow equations

Wetterich, C.

doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2024.116707

Nuclear Physics B

2024

DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2024.116707

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Field transformations in functional integral, effective action and functional flow equations

C. Wetterich

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2024

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Physical time for the beginning universe

Wetterich

2024

Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

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In this paper, we propose that physical time is based on counting the oscillations of wave functions. The discrete counting of the ticks of these clocks does not depend on the metric frame. It remains well defined for the beginning epochs of the universe. The photon clock counts the oscillations of electromagnetic plane waves in the cosmic reference frame. It can be gauged with clocks for other massless or massive particles. These equivalent clocks form a clock system which defines a common universal continuous physical time. For the photon clock, this physical time coincides with conformal time. The universe is eternal toward the past for typical models of inflationary cosmology — the photon clock ticks an infinite number of times. We compare the photon clock system to geodesic physical time, which is a frame invariant generalization of proper time.

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Physical time for the beginning universe

Wetterich

2024

Int. J. Mod. Phys. A

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Field transformations in functional integral, effective action and functional flow equations

Cited by 1 publication

References 93 publications

Physical time for the beginning universe

Physical time for the beginning universe

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