Field Validation for Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Hexavalent Chromium

Finley, Brent L.; Fehling, Kurt; Falerios, M.; Paustenbach, Dennis J.

doi:10.1080/1047322x.1993.10389190

Cited by 16 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The uptake of chromium that can occur in the workplace and be measurable via urinary monitoring will usually be at least 100-fold higher than doses expected due to environmental exposure (Tola et al, 1977;Lauwerys, 1983;Aitio et al, 1984;Cavalleri and Minoia, 1985;ACCIH, 1991;Falerios et al, 1992;Finley et al, 1993). Consequently, urinary chromium monitoring has heretofore not been used in public health screening studies.…”

Section: Biomonitoring Techniques For Chromium In Humansmentioning

confidence: 95%

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Anderson¹,

Colton²,

Doull³

et al. 1993

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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The possible benefits of biological monitoring of large groups of people potentially exposed to environmental contaminants has become an area of much interest in recent years. Because chromite-ore processing residue has been found in some soils in northern New Jersey, urinary chromium monitoring of people in the community was evaluated as a potentially useful tool. In an attempt to identify those who could be exposed and to quantify the magnitude of exposure to the chromium in these soils, the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) initiated a public health screening project. In 1992, the NJDOH proposed to evaluate over 4000 people who lived or worked near these sites. Volunteers were administered a questionnaire and were given a limited physical examination, and a single spot urine sample was collected. Because of the difficulties in using urinary chromium to assess low-level exposure and the potential implications of any regulatory decisions that could be based on the results of this project, a panel of experts was convened to evaluate the protocol. The panel consisted of five scientists and physicians with expertise in toxicology, dermatology, epidemiology, biological monitoring, and analytical chemistry. Like a World Health Organization group, the panel concluded that although urine biomonitoring can be useful in evaluating high levels of exposure to chromium, it is not reliable for assessing low-level exposure similar to that which may have occurred in northern New Jersey. The panel also noted that when urinary biomonitoring is to be used to assess the public's possible exposure, a large number of precautions must be taken to ensure the accuracy and usefulness of the results. The single most important recommendation was to collect a second, and perhaps a third, spot urine (or 24-h urine) sample before concluding that a person may be routinely overexposed. These suggestions are applicable to designing a biomonitoring program for nearly any environmental contaminant to which a community may be exposed. A review of scientific literature associated with biological monitoring of chromium is provided.

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Section: Biomonitoring Techniques For Chromium In Humansmentioning

confidence: 95%

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Anderson¹,

Colton²,

Doull³

et al. 1993

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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“…A dry day is defined for this study as any day that had less than 0.1 inch of precipitation within the last 48 hours. 4 The reason for this criterion is to maximize the number of samples available for the comparisons while minimizing the number of sites actually evaluated. Finally, to avoid having to characterize any significant non-traffic TSP sources, any site selected could not have significant non-vehicle related sources of particulate matter.…”

Section: Selection Of Sites Evaluatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This industrial site sampling program has been described in detail elsewhere. 2,4 These samples were collected and analyzed using the ASTM Standard Test Method D 5281-92 for the collection of airborne Cr(VI) and the EPA SW-846 Method 6010 for the collection of total chromium and TSP. 27 The main purpose of this sampling effort was to characterize the ambient air concentrations of Cr(VI) and total chromium at each site.…”

Section: Selection Of Sites Evaluatedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to quantitatively address the potential inhalation hazards posed by this material, hundreds of air samples were collected and analyzed for Cr(VI) at these sites using a sensitive new method, American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard Test Method D 5281-92, developed specifically for this purpose. [2][3][4] Additionally, concentrations of Cr(VI) in surface soil were characterized at these sites in…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Identification of an Accurate Soil Suspension/Dispersion Modeling Method for Use in Estimating Health-Based Soil Cleanup Levels of Hexavalent Chromium in Chromite Ore Processing Residues

Pk¹,

Bl²,

Hm³

et al. 1997

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The primary health concern associated with chromite ore processing residues (COPR) at sites in Hudson County, NJ, is the inhalation of Cr(VI) suspended from surface soils. Since health-based soil standards for Cr(VI) will be derived using the inhalation pathway, soil suspension modeling will be necessary to estimate site-specific, health-based soil cleanup levels (HBSCLs). The purpose of this study was to identify the most appropriate particulate emission and air dispersion models for estimating soil suspension at these sites based on their theoretical underpinnings, scientific acceptability, and past performance. The identified modeling approach, the AP-42 particulate emission model and the fugitive dust model (FDM), was used to calculate concentrations of airborne Cr(VI) and TSP at two COPR sites.These estimated concentrations were then compared to concentrations measured at each site. The TSP concentrations calculated using the AP-42/FDM soil suspension modeling approach were all within a factor of 3 of the measured concentrations. The majority of the estimated air concentrations were greater than the measured, indicating that the AP-42/FDM approach tends to overestimate on-site concentrations. The site-specific Cr(VI) HBSCLs for these two sites calculated using this conservative soil suspension modeling approach ranged from 190 to 420 mg/kg.

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“…Workers become exposed to it during welding and chrome plating (1). There are also areas where rocks rich in Cr(VI) have been used as landfill, such as in Hudson County, New Jersey (2). Hexavalent chromium is a major contaminant in many Superfund sites (40% of all sites).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring human lymphocytic DNA-protein cross-links as biomarkers of biologically active doses of chromate.

Costa

Zhitkovich

Toniolo

et al. 1996

Environ Health Perspect

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A simple and sensitive assay for DNA-protein cross-links has been used as a biomarker of chromate exposure and early carcinogenic effects. Pilot studies of DNA-protein cross-links in peripheral blood lymphocytes have been conducted with individuals who had higher exposure to chromate, including welders, and with individuals who had lower levels of exposure such as residents living in a chromium-contaminated area in Jersey City, New Jersey. Studies were also conducted in two Bulgarian cities (Jambol and Burgas) with different levels of air pollution and Cr(VI) exposure and in chrome platers in Bulgaria who had high exposure to chromate. DNAprotein cross-links in U.S. welders and in individuals living in Hudson County, New Jersey around chromium-contaminated areas were significantly higher compared to matched controls. Although blood and urinary levels of chromium were not extensively studied in these populations, we were able to obtain these measurements in the Bulgarian population. Chromium levels in red blood cells of controls living in Burgas were in the order of 1 to 2 ppb chromium, and these individuals had the lowest levels of DNA-protein cross-links. However, the chromium levels in Jambol ranged from about 2 to 7 ppb in red blood cells of city residents to about 22 ppb in chrome platers. DNA-protein cross-links were saturated at about 7 to 8 ppb chromium in the red blood cells, and cross-links correlated well only with chromium levels in red blood cells. Urinary chromium levels did not correlate well with either DNA-protein cross-links or chromium levels in with red blood cells. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 5): 917-919 (1996)

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Field Validation for Sampling and Analysis of Airborne Hexavalent Chromium

Cited by 16 publications

References 2 publications

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Designing a biological monitoring program to assess community exposure to chromium: Conclusions of an expert panel

Identification of an Accurate Soil Suspension/Dispersion Modeling Method for Use in Estimating Health-Based Soil Cleanup Levels of Hexavalent Chromium in Chromite Ore Processing Residues

Monitoring human lymphocytic DNA-protein cross-links as biomarkers of biologically active doses of chromate.

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