Field Water Disinfection

Auerbach, Paul S.; Donner, Howard J.; Weiss, Eric A.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-03228-5.50066-5

Cited by 8 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 169 publications

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“…• Water clarity is not an indication of potability, and human and animal activity is the most significant contributor of microbe pollution in surface water. 8 Emergency Shelter • Linked objective: Describe how to erect a temporary survival shelter. • The specific type of shelter to build depends on specific shelter needs (degree of elemental exposure, predicted length of use), and the availability of resources.…”

Section: Pearlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teaching about the Wild: A Survival Course as a Novel Resident Educational Experience

Comp¹,

Munn²,

Moffitt³

et al. 2021

Journal of Education and Teaching in Emergency Medicine

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Introduction: Wilderness medicine (WM) is the practice of resource-limited medicine under austere conditions. Emergency physicians in training should gain additional exposure to wilderness medicine knowledge and outdoor skills to allow for the development of problem solving and improvisation abilities. However, there is limited data on the instruction of general survival skills to residents interested in WM.Educational Objectives: By the end of the session the learner will be able to: 1) differentiate at least three different methods for water purification 2) describe how to erect a temporary survival shelter 3) construct a survival pack for personal use emphasizing multi-use items 4) demonstrate how to make a fire without a direct flame supply. Educational Methods: A small group of resident learners progressed through five survival stations designed to allow for an emphasis on select skills, wilderness medicine knowledge, and improvisation. Resident instructors led the discussion and skills demonstration.Research Methods: Participants completed a six item before and after questionnaire. Each item was ranked from 0 for "strongly disagree" to 10 for "strongly agree." Total mean scores before and after were compared.Results: Twelve individuals participated. The total mean score for the six-item analysis increased following the workshop (39.1 before versus 51.0 after, p = 0.0008). SMALLgroups Section breakDiscussion: General survival skills are traditionally acquired through time-intensive experiences; however, this is often unfeasible during residency training. We developed an alternative, more efficient mechanism for incorporating wilderness medicine skills into residency training that appears to improve understanding and confidence of participants, as well as to provide a teaching opportunity for new resident educators.

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Section: Pearlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Teaching about the Wild: A Survival Course as a Novel Resident Educational Experience

Comp¹,

Munn²,

Moffitt³

et al. 2021

Journal of Education and Teaching in Emergency Medicine

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“…4,5 Halogens and related halogen-based disinfectants act as strong oxidants that destroy essential cellular structures and enzymes of water-borne pathogens. 4 –6 Of the halogens, iodine is the least reactive with organic compounds and tends to form relatively stable residual concentrations in treated water. 4 Chlorine-based chlorine dioxide, which is frequently used in municipal water treatment facilities, is the disinfectant shown to be most effective against Cryptosporidium in commonly used concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Although proven to be generally safe for the typical consumer when used as directed, some reluctance to use halogens for disinfection may exist due to concerns about potential toxicity from the long-term use of iodine- or chlorine-related byproducts. 4 –6 Moreover, the active forms of many halogens leave a residual taste in the water that may be unpleasant. For example, the palatability “objectionable threshold” has been shown to be easily reached when the iodine-containing water disinfectant tetraglycine hydroperiodide (TGHP) is used at doses appropriate for treating heavily polluted water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemical additives such as ascorbic acid are commonly used to reduce the unpleasant taste of halogen-treated water. 4 ,6,7 One Vietnam era study found that Marines commonly added drink mixes to canteen water to conceal the taste of water treated by TGHP. 7 Later studies found that the ascorbic acid contained in some of these drink mixes reduced the active disinfectant elemental iodine to relatively tasteless and odorless iodide, which contains little residual germicidal activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Blinded, Randomized, Palatability Study Comparing Variations of 2 Popular Field Water Disinfection Tablets

Heiner

Simmons

Hile

et al. 2011

Wilderness & Environmental Medicine

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Participants found halogen-based disinfected water significantly less palatable prior to the addition of ascorbic acid. Addition of ascorbic acid to treated water created a beverage of similar preference to distilled water. These results may increase compliance with the use of disinfecting tablets by increasing the palatability of drinking water made potable via addition of ascorbic acid to halogen-based chemical disinfection.

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“…Wind, fire and water are the fundamental elements of the earth, only oxygen is more essential than water in sustaining life of all living things According to [1], man can survive for some weeks without food but not without water, we only need to lose 1 -2% water for our bodies to start registering thirst if we lose more than 20% of water there is a severe damage to our health. Developing countries are located in all geographic regions; problems of water supply and sanitation are common in all these countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%