“…Scholars, managers, and politicians alike argue that external and voluntary contributors, beyond reducing costs (Meijer, 2016), can improve overall organizational performance, including through driving innovation in products and services (Bason, 2010; Boyle & Harris, 2009; Carr, 2007; Chesbrough & Bogers, 2014). Research finds that volunteers are more free from formal expectations than are professional workers and have more spontaneous, compassionate, and informal behaviour from which organizations can benefit in the form of authentic relationships in welfare services (La Cour, 2019), practical learning in schools (Bergmann & Højlund, 2018), creativity (Lauritzen, 2017) and receptiveness to changing demands and flexibility to individual needs (Brandsen, Pestoff, & Verschuere, 2014; La Cour, 2014).…”