Fifty Years of Behavioral/Lifestyle Interventions for Overweight and Obesity: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?

Williamson, Donald A.

doi:10.1002/oby.21914

Cited by 43 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The number of people with obesity worldwide grew from 150 million in 1975 to 641 million in 2014 3 . Although many studies demonstrate that genetic factors and individual behaviour play prominent roles in obesity, 4,5 these are unlikely to explain the upsurge in obesity over the past few decades 6 . Accumulating evidence suggests that features of the built environment, such as land use, might play a role in contributing to adiposity 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenspace with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies up to 2020

et al. 2020

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Several reviews have been conducted to assess the association between greenspace and overweight or obesity, but the conclusions were inconsistent. However, an updated comprehensive review and meta-analysis is warranted, because several high-quality papers have been published more recently. The objectives of this study are to systematically and quantitatively assess the evidence for a link between greenspace with overweight/obesity and to make specific recommendations for further research. We searched three English language databases, four Chinese language databases and the reference lists of previously published reviews for epidemiological studies on greenspace and overweight/obesity published before January 2020. We developed inclusion criteria, screened the literature and extracted key data from selected papers. We assessed methodological quality and risk of bias, and we graded the credibility of the pooled evidence. We also performed sensitivity analyses. Fifty-seven records met our inclusion criteria and were included in the study. Most studies were cross-sectional designs (81%) and were from developed nations (88%). More than half (55%) of the included studies found beneficial associations between greenspace and overweight/obesity in overall or subpopulations. Our meta-analytical results showed that greater normalized difference vegetation index was associated with lower odds of overweight/obesity in a statistically significant fashion (odds ratio [OR]: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84, 0.91) but not residential proximity to greenspace (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.00), proportion of greenspace (OR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.85, 1.08) or number of parks in an area (OR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.97, 1.01). However, we detected high between-study heterogeneity in two of the four meta-analyses, which reduced the credibility of the pooled evidence. Current evidence indicates that there might be an association between greater access to greenspace and lower odds of overweight/obesity. However, additional high-quality studies are needed to more definitively assess the evidence for a causal association.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenspace with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies up to 2020

et al. 2020

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“…Yet concerns remain as to whether a similar association exists in statin users who are vulnerable to the development of type 2 diabetes and whether a higher level of CRF would attenuate or eliminate the increased risk of type 2 diabetes in statin users compared with individuals not taking statins. In addition to statin use, weight loss has long been considered a cornerstone in the management of cardiometabolic disorders . However, several lines of evidence point out that to reduce mortality risk, employing interventions designed to enhance CRF rather than to promote weight loss is encouraged .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, several lines of evidence point out that to reduce mortality risk, employing interventions designed to enhance CRF rather than to promote weight loss is encouraged . In light of this and considering that weight loss is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes , it is of interest to explore which is more important to the risk reduction of type 2 diabetes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta‐Analysis

Qiu

Cai

Yang

et al. 2019

Obesity

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Objective: This meta-analysis aimed to (1) quantify the association of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) with type 2 diabetes risk in the general population and statin users and (2) investigate the joint effects of CRF and fatness with type 2 diabetes risk. Methods: Databases were searched for cohort studies reporting the association between CRF and type 2 diabetes risk. Summary hazard ratios (HRs) were obtained using random-effects models. Results: Fifteen studies were included. The HRs of type 2 diabetes for every 1-metabolic equivalent increase in CRF were 0.90 (95% CI: 0.86-0.94) for the general population and 0.92 (95% CI: 0.87-0.97) for statin users, and the HRs were linearly shaped (both P nonlinearity > 0.40). Compared with the nonstatin cohort, there was an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in statin users with the lowest and moderate CRF categories, but this was not present in the highest CRF category. The HR of type 2 diabetes for overweight/obesity-fit category versus normal weight-fit category was larger than that of the normal weight-unfit category versus the normal weight-fit category (P interaction = 0.004).Conclusions: There was an inverse and dose-dependent association between CRF and type 2 diabetes risk. High CRF may eliminate the diabetogenic effect from statins, yet decreased body weight index seems superior in preventing type 2 diabetes.

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“…Because LB women's greater risk of obesity begins early in the life span (45), efforts to prevent high BMI beginning in adolescence should be prioritized. In addition, although studies suggest weight loss is difficult to achieve and maintain (46), intensive behavioral interventions containing evidence-based strategies to improve dietary intake and promote physical activity have been found to reduce obesity and improve fitness (47). Nonetheless, the extent to which behavioral interventions developed for the general population are effective for LB women is unknown, and few interventions to promote healthy weight and fitness have been developed specifically for LB women.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Women: Findings From the Nurses’ Health Study II

et al. 2018

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Fifty Years of Behavioral/Lifestyle Interventions for Overweight and Obesity: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?

Cited by 43 publications

References 50 publications

Greenspace with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies up to 2020

Greenspace with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of epidemiological studies up to 2020

Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta‐Analysis

Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Lesbian, Bisexual, and Heterosexual Women: Findings From the Nurses’ Health Study II

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