Fifty Years of Psychiatric Services: 1940-1990

Thompson, James Westfall; Bass, Rosalyn D.; Witkin, Michael J.

doi:10.1176/ps.33.9.711

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…It is unclear what the position of these regional mental health care centres is and will become in relation to the psychiatric departments of general hospitals (PDGH) and academic hospitals. In particular, in different European regions as well as non-European countries such as Australia and the United States, the process of deinstitutionalisation implies a more prominent or unique role for general hospitals, particularly the PDGHs [ 9 – 14 , 21 , 22 ]. In England, Sweden, and Italy, almost all of the acute admissions take place in a PDGH [ 9 – 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This led to community mental health care, supplied by community mental health teams, GP consultants and community-based living and day care facilities serving by and large as alternatives for in-patient treatment [ 7 , 9 – 15 , 20 , 21 ]. The most spectacular decline in beds in mental hospitals in the USA shows a decrease from 559,000 beds in 1955 to 138,000 in 1980, a decline of 75% [ 22 ]. Admissions increased from 150,000 in 1955 to 400,000 in 1970 [ 23 ].…”

Section: Deinstitutionalisation Of Mental Health Care In An Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mean length of stay decreased from 20 years in 1955 to 7 months in 1975 [ 24 ]. In England and Australia, closure of the large asylums has largely been accomplished [ 22 , 25 ]. Different authors underline the complexity of this reform process, moving away from the asylums and into society [ 1 – 7 , 9 – 14 , 16 – 23 ].…”

Section: Deinstitutionalisation Of Mental Health Care In An Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deinstitutionalisation of mental health care in the Netherlands: towards an integrative approach

Ravelli

2006

Int J Integr Care

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ObjectiveThe objective of this policy paper is to put recent developments in Dutch mental health reform in an international perspective and draw conclusions for future directions in policy.Context of the caseThe practice of Western psychiatry in the second half and particularly in the last decade of the 20th century has fundamentally changed. Dutch psychiatry has traditionally been prominently bed-based and various policies in the last ten years have been intended to reduce the influence of the mental hospitals. Until the mid-1990s, this had not resulted in reducing the psychiatric bed rate in comparison to other countries. Since then, there have been rapid, dramatic changes.Data sourcesWe summarised two recent national studies on this subject and placed them in a national and international context, using documents on psychiatric reforms, government and advisory board reports and reviews on deinstitutionalisation in different countries.Case descriptionThe practice of psychiatry in the second half, and particularly in the last decade, of the 20th century has fundamentally changed. This has resulted in a spectacular decline in the number of beds in mental hospitals, increased admissions, decreased length of stay, closure of the large asylums and in community treatment away from asylums and in society, although this is a reform process. This article examines how the Dutch mental health care system has developed at the national level. The main topics cover the size, nature, aims and effects of the process of deinstitutionalisation and how alternative facilities have been developed to replace the old-fashioned institutes.Conclusions and discussionThere are two contrasting aspects of deinstitutionalisation in Dutch mental health care: the tendency towards rehospitalisation in relation to the sudden, late, but rapid reduction of the old mental hospitals and their premises; and a relatively large scale for community-based psychiatry in relation to building mental health care centres. Compared to other countries the bed rate in the Netherlands is still among the highest, although it is rapidly decreasing. Lessons from psychiatric reform in other countries emphasise the counterpart of deinstitutionalisation, especially issues such as the quality of alternative community treatment and increasing compulsory admission, while the closing down of old mental hospitals has caused a decrease in the availability of beds. In the Netherlands less attention has been paid to legislation, societal attitudes towards psychiatry, the roles of other care suppliers, the balancing and financing of care, the fate of psychiatric patients from old hospitals, the way to cope with the ever-increasing demand for psychiatric help and the actual quality of psychiatric help. A more integrative policy that includes all these aspects is desirable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deinstitutionalisation Of Mental Health Care In An Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deinstitutionalisation Of Mental Health Care In An Internatimentioning

confidence: 99%

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Deinstitutionalisation of mental health care in the Netherlands: towards an integrative approach

Ravelli

2006

Int J Integr Care

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“…This type also bears a resemblance to the material unearthed in the Persian layers on the north slopes of the Acropolis. 69 A similar sample of this type in Cyprus was found in the Persian layer. 70 Olson and Najbjerg also consider arrowheads found in the Polis Khrysochous settlement in Cyprus that are similar to Daskyleion Type IA2d.…”

Section: Type Ia2mentioning

confidence: 66%

Leaded Bronze Arrowheads at Daskyleion

Kasar

Iren

2020

Adalya

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Arrowheads made of leaded bronze and unearthed in Daskyleion during the excavations between 1954-1959 and 1988-2019 constitute the subject of this study. 406 leaded bronze arrowheads have been found up to now in a grave named Tumulus T6. Leaded bronze arrowheads from Daskyleion date to the 5th and 4th centuries BC. The arrowheads are here classified according to their function. Especially some of the suggestions on archaeological typology proposed by different scholars are practically tested here as a case study using the Daskyleion arrowheads. This typology points to which arrowheads were used as military or hunting weapons in Daskyleion. It can be argued that lead, highly detected, was used in these arrows for "engineering" purposes. In addition, the deformation observed on the arrowheads is explained using historical events that occurred in the settlement and narrated by ancient authors. Consequently, the leaded bronze arrowheads used at Daskyleion are comprised of samples quite common in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fortunately, these examples were mostly found in the datable layers at Daskyleion.

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“…Such admissions have increased rapidly in recent years. In 1965, there were 180,000 such episodes; in 1979 there were approximately 1.2 million (Kiesler, 1982;Thompson, Bass, & Witkin, 1982). Little is known about the process or outcome of these inpatient episodes.…”

Section: Mental Hospitalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%