Fig biology

Galil, J.

doi:10.1016/0160-9327(77)90106-5

Cited by 88 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…When the figs are receptive, mated pollen-bearing female pollinating wasps (foundresses) arrive at the tree and some of them enter the enclosed inflorescence (or fig) through a bract-lined pore known as ostiole. The foundresses then pollinate the receptive, uniovulate flowers, and probe the flowers with their ovipositors, attempting to lay eggs in the ovaries (Galil, 1977). Sex determination is haplodiploid, and thus females can control the sex of their offspring by whether or not to fertilize the egg (Cook, 1993).…”

Section: Background Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Just before the fig finally ripens, the wingless males of the pollinating wasps chew their way out of the galls in which they developed, and crawl around the interior of the fig searching for galls that contain female wasps. They chew these galls open and mate with the females, which then emerge from their galls and gather pollen, prior to leaving through a hole in the fig wall chewed by the male wasps (Galil, 1977). In addition to pollinating wasps, normally other non-pollinating wasp species are associated with fig inflorescences, which develop in flower ovaries or parasitise larvae of primary galling wasps (West & Herre, 1994;Janzen, 1979;Bronstein, 1992;West et al, 1996).…”

Section: Background Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of local mate competition on fig wasp sex ratios

Pereira

Prado

2006

Braz. J. Biol.

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In fig wasps, mating takes place among the offspring of one or a few foundress mothers inside the fig from which mated females disperse to found new broods. Under these conditions, related males will compete with each other for mating and several studies have shown female bias in brood sex ratios as a response to Local Mate Competition (LMC). Studying Pegoscapus tonduzi which pollinates Ficus citrifolia in Brazil, we analysed the effect of LMC (number of foundresses) on the sex ratio of the offspring of pollinating wasps. The relationship between the foundress number and brood sex ratio qualitatively followed the theory, however the empirical sex ratio was more female biased than expected from theoretical values. The model for an optimal sex ratio considers that each foundress wasp contributes the same number of eggs to be bred and that the violation of this assumption may explain the lack of adjustment in relation to the theory.Keywords: Agaonidae, Hymenoptera, Moraceae, mutualism, sex allocation. RESUMO Efeito da competição local por acasalamentos na razão sexual de vespas de figoEm vespas de figo, os acasalamentos ocorrem dentro da prole de uma ou poucas vespas fundadoras, no interior do figo. Posteriormente, as fêmeas acasaladas se dispersam para colonizar novos figos. Sob estas condições, machos aparentados competem entre si por acasalamentos. Vários estudos mostram que esta competição local por acasalamentos (CLA) favorece a ocorrência de uma razão sexual da prole desviada em favor das fêmeas. Estudando Pegoscapus tonduzi que poliniza Ficus citrifolia no Brasil, nós analisamos o efeito da CLA (número de fundadoras) na razão sexual da prole das vespas polinizadoras. A relação do número de fundadoras e a razão sexual da prole seguiu qualitativamente o predito pela teoria, porém, os valores observados foram mais desviados em favor das fêmeas que o esperado. O modelo para razão sexual ótima considera que cada vespa fundadora contribui com o mesmo número de ovos na prole. A violação deste pressuposto explicaria a falta de ajuste dos resultados em relação à teoria.Palavras-chave: Agaonidae, Hymenoptera, Moraceae, mutualismo, alocação sexual.

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Section: Background Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of local mate competition on fig wasp sex ratios

Pereira

Prado

2006

Braz. J. Biol.

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“…However, Gibernau et al (1996) reported, in three Ficus species, that some foundresses could leave the fig after pollination (re-emerge). Galil (1977) divided the life cycles of the fig wasps and the fig into five well defined phases: pre-female phase, before female flowers are mature; female phase, when female flowers are receptive and pollinators enter the figs; interfloral phase, when wasp larvae and seeds are maturing; male phase, when anthers are mature and the wasp offspring emerge from their galls and female pollinating wasps collect the pollen before dispersing; post-floral phase, after fig wasps dispersion and when figs ripen, becoming attractive to dispersers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

2000

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-(Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)). During the period from 1992 to 1997, interactions of several organisms and Ficus eximia figs, a monoecious species, were studied in plants located in Campinas/SP and Londrina/PR (Brazil). Ficus eximia is pollinated by a single fig wasp species, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), but also visited by other 14 non-pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Mites (Tarsonemidae), nematodes (Diplogasteridae) and fungi which use the body of the pollinating fig wasp to disperse themselves were also observed.RESUMO -(Polinização e outras interações bióticas em sicônios de Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)). Durante o período de 1992 a 1997, as interações de vários organismos e figos de Ficus eximia, uma espécie monóica, foram estudadas em plantas localizadas em Campinas/SP e Londrina/PR (Brasil). Ficus eximia é polinizada por uma única espécie de vespa de figo, Pegoscapus sp. (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae, Agaoninae), e associada a outras 14 espécies de vespas não-polinizadoras (Agaonidae, Eurytomidae, Torymidae). Ácaros (Tarsonemidae), nematóides (Diplogasteridae) e fungos, os quais utilizam o corpo da vespa polinizadora para se dispersarem, foram também observados.

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“…The nearly 750 described species of Ficus (19) occur worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, and they are considered ''keystone'' species in tropical forests because of their year-round production of fruit that is essential to a large number of frugivores (20)(21)(22)(23). Figs depend on minute, pollen-bearing female wasps to pollinate the flowers and thereby initiate seed production (8,12,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28). The mated female wasps, in turn, depend on the developing fig inflorescence for the production of their offspring, because each wasp larva consumes the contents of one would-be seed.…”

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confidence: 99%

Critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism

Machado

Robbins

Gilbert

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

245

310

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Figs (Ficus spp., Moraceae) and their pollinating wasps (Agaonidae, Chalcidoidea) constitute perhaps the most tightly integrated pollination mutualism that is known. Figs are characterized by extraordinarily high global and local species diversity. It has been proposed that the diversification of this mutualism has occurred through strict-sense coadaptation and cospeciation between pairs of fig and wasp species that are associated in highly specific one-to-one relationships. However, existing studies cast doubt on the generality of this proposition. Here, we review our current knowledge of the evolutionary history of the fig͞fig-wasp mutualism. We critically examine the idea that codivergence between figs and their pollinators has been dominated by strict-sense cospeciation. We present phylogenetic and population genetic data from neotropical fig and fig wasp species that suggest that a more accurate model for diversification in this mutualism is that of groups of genetically well defined wasp species coevolving with genetically less well defined (frequently hybridizing) groups of figs. Last, we use our results to assess previously proposed hypotheses on models of speciation in this mutualism.

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Fig biology

Cited by 88 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of local mate competition on fig wasp sex ratios

Effect of local mate competition on fig wasp sex ratios

Pollination and other biotic interactions in figs of Ficus eximia Schott (Moraceae)

Critical review of host specificity and its coevolutionary implications in the fig/fig-wasp mutualism

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