Figures of Argument

Abstract

From the seventeenth through the nineteenth centuries, scientists such as Kekule, Mendel, Lavoisier and Harvey argued for insights that depended critically on antithetical expressions and reasoning. The heuristic and persuasive use of devices like the antithesis has roots in the in combined grammatical, rhetorical and dialectical training established during the early modern educational reforms of the humanists. While the entire array of figures includes devices which inscribe all the rhetorical appeals, the set of devices derived from parallel phrasing illustrates how certain figures of speech express lines of reasoning iconically. But the continued use of such devices invites a general rationale for their persuasiveness based on the importance of pattern completion in language processing. Resume: Des Ie 17 iomo et pendant Ie 19 ic "", certains arguments de savants tels que Kekule, Mendel, Lavoisier et Harvey dependaient serieusement sur des expressions et des raisonnements antithetiques. L'usage educatif et persuasif de stratagemes comme I' antithese trouve ses racines dans un entrainement grammaticaL rhetorique et dialectique etabli au debut des rHormes educatives humanistes. Bien que la gamme entiere de figures inclut toutes les approches rhetoriques, I' ensemble des expressions etablies sur les tournures paralleles illustre comment certaine figures de rhetorique expriment des raisonnements iconiques. Mais la persuasion qui resulte de I 'usage continuel de telles figures invite une explication generale fondee sur I' importance de l"achevement des structures linguistiques dans la comprehension d'un langage.

Topoiof Nonprofit Proposal Writing

“…Contemporary scholarship seems to support this assumption. For example, Fahnestock (1999) and Walsh (2010) have shown that contemporary STEM discourse draws heavily on a number of Aristotle’s common topoi and corresponding figures of style and arrangement. Other scholarship suggests that special topoi may also prove quite durable.…”

Ontological representations of rhetorical figures for argument mining

“…Other projects in this field we recognise are Ruan et al [58] and ROAP. 19 A specific problem to be addressed in the near future is agreeing to a standard for ontological approaches in this domain. There are a number of groups working on ontologies of rhetorical figures that have many shared concepts [58].…”

“…• author recognition and discovery 19 http://bakulf.github.io/raop/ • plagiarism detection • comparing authors and speech-writers • political discourse analysis • argument/intent analysis, e.g., hate speech detection…”

“…At least some figures epitomize arguments in their form. Thus, figures are seen as apt or epitomizing iconic forms for the arguments they express [19]. Taking into account the argumentative function of rhetorical figures, explored at length in the program of figural logic of Fahnestock [18], as well as in [61] and [30], we argue that inclusion of formal models of rhetorical figures in argument mining systems would enhance the performance of those systems.…”

The electric vocabulary

“…He also lists materials, other than straw, which are attracted towards electriks. In Gilbert's original Latin text, he calls the electriks 'electricita coporea' (electric bodies) [10].…”