Filaments and four ordered structures inside a neuron fire a thousand times faster than the membrane: theory and experiment

Abstract

The current action potential paradigm considers that all components beneath the neuron membrane are inconsequential. Filamentary communication is less known to the ionic signal transmission; recently, we have proposed that the two are intimately linked through time domains. We modified the atom probe-connected dielectric resonance scanner to operate in two-time domains, milliseconds and microseconds simultaneously for the first time. We resonate the ions for imaging rather than neutralizing them as patch clamps do; resonant transmission images the ion flow 10 3 times faster than the existing methods. We revisited action potential-related events by scanning in and around the axon initial segment (AIS). Four ordered structures in the cytoskeletal filaments exchange energy ~250 µs before a neuron fires, editing spike-time-gap-key to the brain's cognition. We could stop firing above a threshold or initiate a fire by wirelessly pumping electromagnetic signals. We theoretically built AIS, whose simulated electromagnetic energy exchange matched the experiment. Thus far, the scanner could detect & link uncorrelated biological events unfolding over 10 6 orders in the time scale simultaneously. Our experimental findings support a new dielectric resonator model of neuron functioning in various time domains, thus suggesting the dynamic anatomy of electrical activity as information-rich.

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“…The holonomic brain theory requires a new way to characterize distributive processes in the brain. The proof comes from an inter-cerebral superfast, extemporaneous information pathway that binds the complex action of neurons in a collective presentation with different brain regions [136,137]. Moreover, protons are convenient quantum objects for transferring bit units in a complex water medium like the brain.…”

Quantum Neurobiology

“…Neurofilamentary dynamics likewise have a role in axonal signaling. Research finds that the axon processes information at multiple time scales [106,107] in the shape of vortex-like signals that can be captured with quantum optics [108]. An axon has thousands of densely packed neurofilaments beneath the membrane.…”

“…An intricate mechanism of electromagnetic and ionic signaling is suggested in that the electromagnetic resonance of neurofilaments first identifies relevant paths or circuits (branch selection) extremely rapidly at a microsecond speed (10 −6 ), which then serves as an input to the ion channel transmission that proceeds on the order of milliseconds (10 −3 ) [106]. Specifically, four ordered structures in the cytoskeletal filaments were shown to exchange energy approximately 250 microseconds before a neuron fires [107]. The research program integrates multiple time domains into a single temporal architecture, extending the traditional Hodgkin-Huxley model used to study neural signaling, branch selection, spike time-gap regulation, and synaptic plasticity [108].…”

What a feeling - the underpinnings of physical feelings as molecular level holonomic effects.

“…The scale of the whole brain is large compared to molecules. Still, how interconnectedness via volume transmission, intermittent London forces and protein interactions manifest from fractal neural geometry [70] that provides opportunities for information-rich dynamic activity [144], yet experimental verification is beyond the range of short-range van der Waals interactions and only longrange forces, such as electrostatic forces, can be elucidated with electrostatic force microscopy.…”