Filoviridae: a Taxonomic Home for Marburg and Ebola Viruses ?

Kiley, Michael P.; Bowen, E. T. W.; Eddy, Gerald A.; Isaäcson, M; Johnson, Karl M.; McCormick, Joseph B.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Pattyn, S. R.; Peters, D.; Prozesky, O. W.; Regnery, Russell L.; Simpson, David; Slenczka, Werner; Sureau, P.; Groen, G van der; Webb, P. A.; Wulff, Herta

doi:10.1159/000149300

Cited by 166 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…1C, Fig. S1A, and SI Materials and Methods) showed a major population of virus particles with a length of 1,028 ± 69 nm (n = 37), consistent with previously reported values of 970-1,200 nm for the average EBOV virion (20,21). We also found a second population with a mean length of 1,978 ± 112 nm (n = 8) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Structural dissection of Ebola virus and its assembly determinants using cryo-electron tomography

Bharat

Noda

Riches

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

224

221

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Ebola virus is a highly pathogenic filovirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates. It assembles heterogenous, filamentous, enveloped virus particles containing a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome packaged within a helical nucleocapsid (NC). We have used cryo-electron microscopy and tomography to visualize Ebola virus particles, as well as Ebola virus-like particles, in three dimensions in a near-native state. The NC within the virion forms a left-handed helix with an inner nucleoprotein layer decorated with protruding arms composed of VP24 and VP35. A comparison with the closely related Marburg virus shows that the N-terminal region of nucleoprotein defines the inner diameter of the Ebola virus NC, whereas the RNA genome defines its length. Binding of the nucleoprotein to RNA can assemble a loosely coiled NC-like structure; the loose coil can be condensed by binding of the viral matrix protein VP40 to the C terminus of the nucleoprotein, and rigidified by binding of VP24 and VP35 to alternate copies of the nucleoprotein. Four proteins (NP, VP24, VP35, and VP40) are necessary and sufficient to mediate assembly of an NC with structure, symmetry, variability, and flexibility indistinguishable from that in Ebola virus particles released from infected cells. Together these data provide a structural and architectural description of Ebola virus and define the roles of viral proteins in its structure and assembly.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Structural dissection of Ebola virus and its assembly determinants using cryo-electron tomography

Bharat

Noda

Riches

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

224

221

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“…Furthermore, in the case of filovirus, the particle can modify its length to incorporate up to 22 genome copies (Beniac et al, 2012). However, this fact is not always related to an increase in virulence, as it has been demonstrated that high virulence is sometimes associated with shorter virus filaments (Kiley et al, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aquabirnavirus polyploidy: a new strategy to modulate virulence?

Lago

Rodrı́guez

Bandı́n

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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One of the main research issues regarding infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) is its virulence mechanisms. The basis for understanding the molecular virulence determinants of this virus was established over the last decade when it was demonstrated that certain amino acid domains in the VP2 and VP2-NS inter-region determined the level of virulence of IPNV. However, certain variability was still inexplicable and therefore other factors may also be involved. To this end, it was demonstrated recently that infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), a virus in a different genus of the same family as IPNV, can package more than two dsRNA segments, and that polyploidy may be associated with virulence. In the present report, we analysed the viral fractions obtained after gradient centrifugation to demonstrate that IPNV virions can also package more than two segments, thus indicating that polyploidy is a common birnavirus trait. The differential replication ex vivo and virulence in vivo additionally suggested that such a characteristic is involved in the modulation of virus infectivity. However, although the ex vivo results clearly demonstrated that the replication capacity was enhanced as the viral ploidy increased, the in vivo results could not strongly support a direct relationship between ploidy and virulence to the host, thus suggesting that other virulence determinants are also involved.

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“…Filo viruses are enveloped, non-segmented, negative stranded RNA viruses [1]. In 1979, at a congress on virology and class 4 agents in Johannesburg, South Africa, Filoviridae was proposed as a family name for Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses because of the long filamentous, circular, u-shaped morphological forms of the virions [3]. Filo means thread or filament in Latin [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 1979, at a congress on virology and class 4 agents in Johannesburg, South Africa, Filoviridae was proposed as a family name for Ebola viruses and Marburg viruses because of the long filamentous, circular, u-shaped morphological forms of the virions [3]. Filo means thread or filament in Latin [3]. Filo viruses exploit the host cells' defenses to support their own replication [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ebola Virus Disease Stigmatization; The Role of Societal Attributes

Obilade

2015

Int Arch Med

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Globally, persons with diseases like leprosy, tuberculosis, H1N1, SARS or HIV/AIDS have been stigmatized. The ongoing Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa has been the longest outbreak in the history of the disease and the first outbreak to ever occur in West Africa. The strain of Ebolavirus in West Africa is one of the most virulent strains of the Filoviridae family and case fatalities can be as high as 90%. Treatment of EVD is mainly supportive and societal attributes contribute to stigmatization of the disease and ultimately the spread of the disease. The method used in this study was a search in major databases including PUBMED and Google Scholar. The search phrase used in PUBMED was Ebola stigma. In Google Scholar, the search phrases used included Ebola stigma, EVD, perception of disease, culture and disease. The study also included a review of current events and data from the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In this review, an overview of filoviral hemorrhagic fevers was discussed. The cultural beliefs on the causes of diseases and the stigmatization of infectious diseases in history were examined. In addition, the virulence between severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and EVD were compared. Specifically, it examined Ebola stigmatization and identified societal attributes responsible for the stigma and the implications for controlling the spread. It also points to ways to reduce EVD stigmatization as a way of controlling the spread of EVD. While there is a lot of ongoing research for the cure and control of EVD, little attention is being paid to the role of stigmatization in the control of the disease. Fear is the driving force of EVD stigmatization because EVD is a virulent, fast killing disease that has no cure. Powerlessness is another driving force in stigmatization. The sensationalism in news reporting and the mistrust of the government are factors playing on fear and rumor.

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Filoviridae: a Taxonomic Home for Marburg and Ebola Viruses ?

Cited by 166 publications

References 21 publications

Structural dissection of Ebola virus and its assembly determinants using cryo-electron tomography

Structural dissection of Ebola virus and its assembly determinants using cryo-electron tomography

Aquabirnavirus polyploidy: a new strategy to modulate virulence?

Ebola Virus Disease Stigmatization; The Role of Societal Attributes

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