Filoviruses and bats

Schuh, Amy J.; Amman, Brian R.; Towner, Jonathan S.

doi:10.1071/ma17005

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 50 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The close phylogenetic relationship of humans with non-human primates is recognized as a causal factor underlying spillover, reverse zoonoses and the coevolution of occasionally shared viruses [31]. Bats have also been repeatedly implicated as the source of recent emerging infectious disease events involving high consequence pathogens, including severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) [32], Nipah virus encephalitis [33], and hemorrhagic fevers caused by filoviruses [34,35], and have been noted previously to host more zoonotic viruses per species than rodents [10]. Viral sharing has been shown to be more common among bat species than among rodent species and several bat traits have been associated with a higher propensity for cross-species transmission, including gregariousness (roosting in high densities) and migration [29].…”

Section: (D) Primates and Bats Share More Viruses With Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cite this article: Johnson CK, Hitchens PL, Pandit PS, Rushmore J, Evans TS, Young CCW, Doyle MM. 2020 Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk. Proc. R. Soc. B 287: 20192736. http://dx.Emerging infectious diseases in humans are frequently caused by pathogens originating from animal hosts, and zoonotic disease outbreaks present a major challenge to global health. To investigate drivers of virus spillover, we evaluated the number of viruses mammalian species have shared with humans. We discovered that the number of zoonotic viruses detected in mammalian species scales positively with global species abundance, suggesting that virus transmission risk has been highest from animal species that have increased in abundance and even expanded their range by adapting to human-dominated landscapes. Domesticated species, primates and bats were identified as having more zoonotic viruses than other species. Among threatened wildlife species, those with population reductions owing to exploitation and loss of habitat shared more viruses with humans. Exploitation of wildlife through hunting and trade facilitates close contact between wildlife and humans, and our findings provide further evidence that exploitation, as well as anthropogenic activities that have caused losses in wildlife habitat quality, have increased opportunities for animal-human interactions and facilitated zoonotic disease transmission. Our study provides new evidence for assessing spillover risk from mammalian species and highlights convergent processes whereby the causes of wildlife population declines have facilitated the transmission of animal viruses to humans.

show abstract

Section: (D) Primates and Bats Share More Viruses With Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Outbreak investigations and several epidemiological studies provided evidence that bats are most likely the natural reservoir host for ebolaviruses [7,8]. In rural parts of Africa interactions between humans and bats occur regularly [9,10] and for several outbreaks there is anecdotal evidence of index patients contacting bats prior to infection [7,11,12]. Various species of wild-caught bats have been serologically tested for EBOV seroreactivity, which has been detected in 307 individual bats from at least 17 species in Africa and Asia [7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In rural parts of Africa interactions between humans and bats occur regularly [9,10] and for several outbreaks there is anecdotal evidence of index patients contacting bats prior to infection [7,11,12]. Various species of wild-caught bats have been serologically tested for EBOV seroreactivity, which has been detected in 307 individual bats from at least 17 species in Africa and Asia [7,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. EBOV RNA has been detected in three fruit bat species (Hypsignathus monstrosus, Epomops franqueti and Myonycteris torquata) in 2005 [13], which has led to a sampling bias towards fruit bats, while insectivorous bats have received only sparse attention in ebolavirus research [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Utility of primary cells to examine NPC1 receptor expression in Mops condylurus, a potential Ebola virus reservoir

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The significance of the integral membrane protein Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1) in the ebolavirus entry process has been determined using various cell lines derived from humans, nonhuman primates and fruit bats. Fruit bats have long been purported as the potential reservoir host for ebolaviruses, however several studies provide evidence that Mops condylurus, an insectivorous microbat, is also an ebolavirus reservoir. NPC1 receptor expression in the context of ebolavirus replication in microbat cells remains unstudied.In order to study Ebola virus (EBOV) cellular entry and replication in M. condylurus, we derived primary and immortalized cell cultures from 12 different organs. The NPC1 receptor expression was characterized by confocal microscopy and flow cytometry comparing the expression levels of M. condylurus primary and immortalized cells, HeLa cells, human embryonic kidney cells and cells from a European microbat species. EBOV replication kinetics was studied for four representative cell cultures using qRT-PCR. The aim was to elucidate the suitability of primary and immortalized cells from different tissues for studying NPC1 receptor expression levels and their potential influence on EBOV replication.The NPC1 receptor expression level in M. condylurus primary cells differed depending on the organ they were derived from and was for most cell types significantly lower than in human cell lines. Immortalized cells showed for most cell types higher expression levels than their corresponding primary cells. Concluding from our infection experiments with EBOV we suggest a potential correlation between NPC1 receptor expression level and virus replication rate in vitro. Author summaryAlthough there have been Ebola virus (EBOV) outbreaks for more than 40 years, the animal natural reservoir that maintains this virus in nature has not been identified. Viruses PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.and their respective reservoirs coevolve over millions of years, often without causing diseases in the reservoir itself. Upon entering a new host, infection can have devastating consequences, as in the case of EBOV. To gain entry into cells prior to replication, all ebolaviruses utilize the cellular receptor Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1). In this study the authors focus their work on the Angolan free-tailed bat (Mops condylurus) as a potential reservoir for EBOV. Cells from various organs of this bat were isolated in culture and tested for the presence of NPC1. Most bat cell types had a lower amount of NPC1 compared to the tested human cells. These bat cells were also less efficiently infected by EBOV, indicating adaptation to EBOV. These results suggest low levels of virus replication in the respective tissues of M. condylurus and might be indicative of a virus-natural reservoir relationship.NPC1 receptor expression in bat primary cells PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases | https://doi.org/10.

show abstract

“…Whether ERB are a reservoir for EBOV is unclear. While detecting of EBOV RNA and anti-EBOV antibodies in ERB 15,16 , [17][18][19] suggest that these bats could be a reservoir for this virus, the failure of isolating infectious EBOV from a wild bat 20 and finding that these animals are refractory to the virus 21 argue against this possibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marburg and Ebola virus infections elicit a complex, muted inflammatory state in bats

Jayaprakash¹,

Ronk

Prasad

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The filoviruses Ebola (EBOV) and Marburg (MARV) cause severe disease in humans. In contrast, the Egyptian rousette bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), a natural reservoir of MARV, exhibits a subclinical phenotype with limited MARV replication and nearly undetectable EBOV replication. Rousettus cell lines support replication of filoviruses, however. To understand the bat-filovirus interaction, transcriptomes of tissues from EBOV-and MARV-infected R. aegyptiacus bats were analyzed. While viral transcripts were only detected in liver, a systemic response was observed involving other tissues as well. By focusing on evolutionarily divergent (from human homologues) protein-coding genes, we identified novel transcriptional pathways that suggest infected bats exhibit impaired coagulation, vasodilation, aberrant iron regulation, and impaired complement system leading to muted antibody responses. Furthermore, a robust T-cell response and an antiinflammatory state driven by M2 macrophages were identified. These processes likely control infection and limit pathology. All data can be freely explored and downloaded through our tools (http://katahdin.girihlet.com/shiny/bat/). bat-filovirus-jayaprakashWe experimentally infected Egyptian rousettes with EBOV and MARV and analyzed mRNA transcripts from multiple tissue types: liver, kidney, spleen, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and testes. For that purpose, we compiled a comprehensive list of bat transcripts, based on our sequence data together with existing genome annotations 28 , and, where possible, identified genes with human or mouse homologues.The majority of the differentially-expressed genes upon filoviral infection were common to bats and humans 29 . These genes include components of a number of pathways involved in the innate, inflammatory, acute phase, and adaptive immune responses, as well as in the activation of the complement/coagulation pathway. Despite this broad similarity of the responses, filoviral infections in vivo result in very different outcomes in bats compared to humans. bat-filovirus-jayaprakash 2 bat-filovirus-jayaprakash 4

show abstract

Filoviruses and bats

Cited by 22 publications

References 50 publications

Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk

Global shifts in mammalian population trends reveal key predictors of virus spillover risk

Utility of primary cells to examine NPC1 receptor expression in Mops condylurus, a potential Ebola virus reservoir

Marburg and Ebola virus infections elicit a complex, muted inflammatory state in bats

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About