“…Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful, nondestructive, and ultrasensitive analytical technique, which enables easy and quick detection of analytes even at the single-molecule level. − In SERS, Raman signals of laser-irradiated polarizable molecules are enhanced by large plasmonically enhanced local fields at junctions or surfaces of metallic nanostructures. , It significantly extends the application of traditional Raman spectroscopy by providing molecule-specific chemical fingerprints with increased sensitivity by surpassing the inherent weak signal intensity of Raman scattering . SERS finds significant applications in diverse areas, e.g., forensic science, , food and environment safety, − biomolecular analysis, cancer diagnosis, sensing of pesticides, pollutants, heavy metals, etc. − In addition, exploration of single molecules [i.e., single-molecule SERS (SMSERS)] is also extremely important for a deeper understanding of the governing principles in SERS. Earlier reports claimed that SERS enhancement factors (EFs) on the order of ∼10 14 to 10 15 were necessary for SM detection. , It was postulated that such high EFs in SERS resulted from multiplicative contribution of two factors: local electromagnetic (EM) field effect and chemical enhancement (CE) .…”