Filtration Processes in Extremities Due to Standing; Osmotic Activity of Plasma Lipoids

Keys, Ancel

doi:10.1001/archinte.1939.00180180175012

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 21 publications

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“…It is well known that redistribution of tissue fluid occurs in health as a result of changes in posture. Thus, Waterfield (1931 a) has shown that on quiet standing measurable oedema of the lower limbs occurs and this is known to be associated with a fall in plasma volume (Waterfield, 1931 b;Thompson, Thompson & Dailey, 1928;Turner, Newton & Haynes, 1930;Keys & Butt, 1939). Increased venous pressure in normal subjects may cause oedema in the limbs (Drury & Jones, 1927;Landis & Gibbon, 1933), and it is likely that the redistribution of fluid in the lower limbs described by Waterfield is largely due to changes in venous pressure, since this may rise to between 70 and 100 mm Hg in the feet during motionless standing (Youmans, Wells, Donley & Miller, 1934;Smirk, 1936;Grill, 1937;Walker & Longland, 1950) and falls to under 40 mm Hg on exercise (Walker & Longland, 1950).…”

Section: Tissue Fluid Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the effect of posture on the distribution of tissue fluid in the face

Vérel¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Those accustomed to shave the face at about the same hour both in the morning and the evening commonly observe that the beard appears to be much heavier at night. This apparent increased growth of hair occurs in the early part of the day, for a marked lessening of the phenomenon is noted if the beard is removed after breakfast instead of on first rising. The present paper describes an investigation of this phenomenon by measurement of the hair removed by shaving. The results have led to the conclusion that changes of skin thickness occur during the day which are related to posture. This conclusion has been confirmed by measurements of ear lobe thickness. It is suggested that the changes of skin thickness are due to redistribution of tissue fluid. METHODSThe hair on the beard area was measured by weighing after removal with an open razor. After preliminary washing with hot water the face was lathered with soap and hot boiled water. The fragments of hair and lather were transferred to a 3*5 cm Buchner funnel by washing them off the razor with distilled water. In each experiment the face was lathered and shaved twice. The hair in the Buchner funnel was washed with distilled water and ether, and suction was continued until the filter-paper was dry. The paper and hair were then transferred to a watch-glass. Any hair adhering to the sides of the funnel was transferred to the watch-glass with a soft brush. The hair and filter-paper were dried for 12 hr at 370 C and weighed after being left in the balance room for some hours. The hair was then brushed off and the paper weighed again. The weight of hair was determined by difference.The thickness of the lobe of the ear was measured after standing quietly for at least 2 min in all experiments except that illustrated in Fig. 5 when the subject measured the ear-lobe thickness without changing position. A micrometer dial gauge (Fig. 1) was modified so that it recorded the distance between the jaws (3 and 4) in thousandths of an inch upon a dial (1). The jaws (3 and 4) were maintained in contact by a very light spring acting on the rod (2). To avoid variations due to differences in the position ofthe gauge, two spots were marked upon the lobe ofthe ear with indelible pencil about 3 mm apart. The lobe of the ear was placed between the jaws of the gauge so that the spots were covered by the jaw (3). The gauge was then gently withdrawn until the spots had fully appeared and the circumference ofthe jaw met the edges ofthe spots tangentially. This manceuvre

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Section: Tissue Fluid Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observations on the effect of posture on the distribution of tissue fluid in the face

Vérel¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Klinik

Frey¹,

Suter

1951

Nieren Und Ableitende Harnwege

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FAHR hat unter den BegriffNephrose die primär degenerativen Veränderungen der Niere zusammengefaßt, wobei mit dem Wort primär die Unabhängigkeit von vorangehenden entzündlichen Schädigungen zum Ausdruck kommt.Die Diagnose Nephrose bezeichnet keine bestimmte Ätiologie, sie will vielmehr die besondere Reaktionsweise der Niere auf eine hämatogene schädigende Einwirkung charakterisieren. AscHOFF sprach von Nephropathie, um die passiven Vorgänge des "Leidens" gegenüber der aktiven entzündlichen Defensio abzugrenzen. Die Betonung des Degenerativen, eines morphologischen Gesichtspunkts, ist für die klinische Auffassung der Affektion von großem Wert; nicht nur der Verlauf des Nierenleidens an sich, auch das Gesamtbild des Krankheitsfalls wird damit grundsätzlich gekennzeichnet.Das infiltrative Moment steht im Vordergrund, die Aufnahme von zellfremdem hämatogenem Material durch an sich intakte Epithelien. Ob aber solche Imbibitionen und Speicherungen nicht auch zellschädigend wirken, ist eine Frage für sich. Ein primäres Erkranken der Epithelien mit sekundär sich anschließender Veränderung der Zellfunktion ist auch nicht ausgeschlossen, speziell nicht im Falle der Lipoidnephrose.Die Nephrosen erschienen in der ersten Fassung des Begriffs als rein tubuiäre Erkrankungen, mit zunehmender Erkenntnis stellte man aber fest, daß auch der glomeruläre Apparat mitbeteiligt sein kann, als Durchgangsstelle für tubuläre Gifte, und andererseits als ein Abschnitt des Nephrons, der wenigstens hinsichtlich des Epithels der Glomeruluskapsel mit dem tubulären Epithel genetisch auf derselben Stufe steht. Die von LÖHLEIN für die Nephritis nachdrücklich betonte funktionelle Einheit von MALPIGHischen Körperehen und Tubulus zeigt sich auch auf dem Gebiet des Degenerativen. Wenn auch der glomeruläre Faktor in initialen Stadien der Erkrankung zurücktritt, so kommt er andererseits bei chronischen Prozessen immer mehr zur Geltung, mit allen Zeichen der glomerulären renalen Insuffizienz.

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The Etiology of Chronic Interstitial Pneumonitis Associated With Lipid Deposition

Waddell

Sniffen

Whytehead

1954

Journal of Thoracic Surgery

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Filtration Processes in Extremities Due to Standing; Osmotic Activity of Plasma Lipoids

Cited by 4 publications

References 21 publications

Observations on the effect of posture on the distribution of tissue fluid in the face

Observations on the effect of posture on the distribution of tissue fluid in the face

Klinik

The Etiology of Chronic Interstitial Pneumonitis Associated With Lipid Deposition

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