Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity is a fundamental feature of neural networks involved in the encoding of information, and the capability of synapses to express plasticity is itself activitydependent. Here, we introduce a ''low-frequency burst stimulation'' protocol, which can readily induce both long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) at in vivo medial perforant path-dentate gyrus synapses. By varying stimulation parameters, we were able to build a stimulus-response map of synaptic plasticity as a LTP-LTD continuum. The response curve displayed a bidirectional shift toward LTP and LTD, depending on the degree and timing of neural activity of the basolateral amygdala. The range of this plastic modulation was also modified by past activity of the basolateral amygdala, suggesting that the amygdala can arrange its ability to regulate the dentate plastic responses. The effects of the BLA activation were replicated by stimulation of the lateral perforant path and, hence, BLA stimulation may recruit the lateral entorhinal cortex. These results represent a high-order dimension of heterosynaptic modulations of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.BCM theory ͉ metaplasticity ͉ long-term potentiation ͉ long-term depression ͉ dentate gyrus T he amygdala plays an important role in emotional arousal and has emerged as a key modulator of memory storage in other brain regions (1, 2). Behavioral studies have indicated that microinjections of diverse pharmacological agents such as glucocorticoid-receptor agonists, -adrenergic agents, amphetamine, and local anesthetics into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) enhance or impair hippocampus-dependent memory (3-7).In support of these studies, we and other groups have reported that BLA activation͞inactivation or delivery of glutamatergic and -adrenergic agents into the BLA can modulate long-term potentiation (LTP) at the medial perforant path (MPP)-dentate gyrus (DG) synapses in the hippocampal formation (8-13). Prior stimulation of the BLA is also capable of gating subsequent induction of LTP in the DG (14, 15). The BLA modulation of hippocampal LTP is, therefore, a compelling candidate mechanism underlying the amygdalar control of the hippocampal memory system.In this respect, however, several issues remain to be resolved. For example, it is uncertain which brain region relays BLA inputs to the DG, which dentate substratum ultimately receives the BLA input, whether the BLA also modulates hippocampal long-term depression (LTD), or how various patterns of BLA activity alter its ability to modulate DG plasticity. In particular, the last two questions have been difficult to address because there is no simple experimental system that can reliably induce homosynaptic LTD in vivo; note that, unlike the case of slice preparations, in vivo LTD is usually inducible only when the synapses are electrically or pharmacologically primed before a LTD-inducing stimulus (16)(17)(18)(19).In the present work, we describe an in vivo protocol of low-frequency burst stimulation (LFBS),...