“…Participatory citizens should take leadership roles and be active in order to improve society and solve social problems. Justice-oriented citizens should be critical about political, social, and economic structures in order to improve society and solve social problems (Khalil, 2021). Recent studies, on the other hand, have suggested pluralistic or multicultural citizenship, which are interwoven with critical democratic citizenship (Mathews and Dilworth, 2008; Knowles, 2018; Rodriguez, 2018; Shanks, 2019; Falkner and Payne, 2021).…”