Financial constraints and the financial distress puzzle: Evidence from a frontier market before and during the Covid-19 pandemic

How do employee stock ownership plans programs and ownership structure affect bank performance? Evidence from Vietnam

“…The study collects all the data from balance sheets, financial statements, and annual reports of all mentioned banks. This study follows Duong et al (2022) to exclude observations that do not have data to calculate the required variables. This study also winsorizes data samples at the 10th and 90th percentile to eliminate outliers.…”

CEO overpower and stock price crash risk: Evidence from family businesses in Vietnam

“…Family business-specific data is manually compiled from various reliable databases, including Vietstock and financial statements of all family businesses. Finance companies were excluded because Duong et al (2022) suggest that financial intermediaries rely heavily on financial leverage. Therefore, the excess leverage ratio in financial firms is typical, while it signals distress risk in non-financial firms.…”

“…Following Duong et al (2021), all variables are winsorized at the 5% and 95% levels to mitigate extreme value issues. Also following Duong et al (2022), observations that do not have enough data to calculate relevant variables were removed. Following Diéguez-Soto et al (2015) and Eckrich et al (2012), family businesses were classified as such if the surnames of internal stakeholders involved in the management and governance of the business are matched.…”

How innovation and ownership concentration affect the financial sustainability of energy enterprises: evidence from a transition economy

“…(2019) to define firm size as the natural logarithm of total assets. COVID We follow Duong et al. (2022) to employ the COVID dummy variable with a value equal to one if the year is from 2020 and equals 0 otherwise.…”