Similarly, Park and Jang (2013) provide two illustrations that differentiate the service and manufacturing industries. First, in service industries, capital investments in machinery and equipment are relatively small. If service firms lease their facilities, the total capital invested is working capital (Gill, Biger, & Bhutani, 2008). Second, the association between capital structure and strategic choice might produce different outcomes within service industries. This is because the benefits of diversification derived from scale economies could differ between manufacturing and service industries due to differences in investments. Considering these industry characteristics differences, the current study focuses on one service industry to analyze the potential effects of capital structure and earnings management on firm value. Due to the lack of firm-level diversification data and limited research in the hotel industry, I specifically investigate the hotel industry as a representative sample of service industries in this study.
The importance of Earnings ManagementAlthough earnings management has been extensively studied in the accounting literature, it may be argued that the importance and prominence of this research topic have increased significantly since the accounting scandals of 2000 and the 2008 financial crisis (Ronen & Yaari, 2008). Regarding 2000, one of the first scandals involved the highly regarded Xerox corporation when the company reported that it had overstated profits by $1.4 billion during the prior 4 years. Subsequently, approximately twenty large and highly publicized scandals followed between October 2001 and the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (Forbes, 2002). In late 2001, Enron's failure to make proper disclosures concerning various relatedparty transactions and to account for off-balance-sheet transactions resulted in its now infamous bankruptcy filing. Arthur Andersen LLP, which was the fifth-largest accounting firm in the world, collapsed because the company's Dallas office shredded documents pertinent to the Congressional investigation of Enron's bankruptcy. The various governance failures that followed Enron include the widely publicized cases of Global Crossing's and Adelphia Communications Corporation's dubious financial reporting as well as Tyco International Limited's sweetheart loans to executives. The largest collapse was that of WorldCom 2002, with the market value of the company's common stock plunging from about $150 billion in January 2000 to less than $150 million as of July 1, 2002(Cohen, Dey, & Lys, 2005. These multi-billion-dollar financial failures created losses for millions of ordinary investors and shook their faith on the integrity of the capital market and the reliability of financial reporting.