Financial resource of public social security expenditure, the rule of law, and economic inequality: international comparison of legal origins

Tomita, Yosuke; Kimura, Akinori

doi:10.1080/1331677x.2020.1865828

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The second stage focused on the negative impact of inequality on growth, with studies showing mixed results, either suggesting that it hinders growth [14] or promotes growth [20]. Using panel data, some recent studies have found evidence of a negative relationship between inequality and economic growth [15,18,28,29], while others have found evidence of a positive relationship [30].…”

Section: The Relationship Between Inequality and Economic Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moderating Effect of Income Inequality on the Relationship between Economic growth and Political Economy, Human capital, Innovation, and Saving Channels in Ethiopia

Hordofa

2023

Preprint

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Background This research focuses on examining the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia over the period from 1981 to 2020. The study aims to understand the various channels through which income inequality affects economic growth and explores the role of different factors such as political economy, innovation, human capital, and saving channels. Method To analyze the relationship between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia, the researchers employ the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. They also conduct the Bayer Hanck (BH) Cointegration Test using four different methods: Engle-Granger, Johansen, Banerjee, and Boswijk. These techniques help determine whether there is a long-term connection, or cointegration, between the variables under investigation. Results The findings of this study indicate strong evidence of cointegration between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia, except in the Engle-Granger test. This suggests a long-term relationship between these variables. The researchers analyze various channels through which income inequality affects economic growth. They discover that income inequality significantly hampers economic growth in Ethiopia. On the other hand, the development of human capital, as measured by school enrollment, has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. However, other channel variables such as gross domestic saving, gross fixed capital formation, high-technology exports, general government revenue, and general government total expenditure do not exert a significant influence on economic growth. Conclusions Based on the research findings, the study emphasizes the role of government expenditure as a moderating factor that can mitigate the adverse effects of income inequality on economic growth in Ethiopia. It also highlights the importance of savings channels, particularly gross fixed capital formation, in fostering economic growth. Moreover, the study suggests that innovation, represented by high-technology exports, may indirectly influence economic growth by promoting the development of human capital. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the intricate relationships between income inequality and economic growth in Ethiopia, exploring both direct and moderating effects through various transmission channels.

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Section: The Relationship Between Inequality and Economic Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Moderating Effect of Income Inequality on the Relationship between Economic growth and Political Economy, Human capital, Innovation, and Saving Channels in Ethiopia

Hordofa

2023

Preprint

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“…In contrast to members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), state expenditures for maternity leave are relatively high (Stewart & Carmen Huerta, 2006) so that leave funding is done through social security schemes. This is inseparable from the tendency of developed countries as welfare countries to expand their social security system and coverage (Tomita & Kimura, 2021) with large expenditures of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for social protection (OECD, 2020b).…”

Section: Financing Scheme Of Maternity Leavementioning

confidence: 99%

Maternity Leave and Gender Equality: Comparative Studies of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

Oceanio

2022

J Populasi

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This article discusses the implications of maternity leave on gender equality by taking comparative cases in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. This article focuses on three important issues, namely the implementation of maternity leave policies, the funding system for maternity leave policies, and the implications of these policies on gender equality in the workplace. This article uses secondary data from official government documents, and documents from international institutions, such as International Labor Organization, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, and related studies. The results of the study show that maternity leave in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand complies with the recommendations of the International Labor Organization conventions 1952 and 2000. The benefits provided by maternity leave accommodate women to work and take care of children. In funding maternity leave, Indonesia and Malaysia use the employer liability scheme, while Thailand uses a combination of employer liability and the social security act. These funding schemes are aimed at employees in the private and informal sectors. To promote gender equality in the workplace, the benefits of maternity leave are influential in this effort. The more companies adopt this family-friendly work environment, the more it encourages enhancing gender equality in the workplace. The study finds women are barely in managerial positions due to their responsibility in the family matter. The discussion of maternity leave in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand cases leads to a better understanding of the implementation of maternity leave in developing countries, for which there is currently a research gap.

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“…Social security originated with the Social Security Act of the United States in 1935 [10]. Every country which has established a social security system has done so in the form of legislation, which means that the social security system is the responsibility of the government [11]. Social security is a public product, with positive externalities, and is an important basis for establishing political identity and legitimacy, which means that it should meet people's survival and development needs.…”

Section: Social Security Expenditurementioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Social Security Expenditure on Human Common Development: Evidence from China’s Provincial Panel Data

Song

Tong

2022

Sustainability

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With the rapid development of the social economy, human development has been greatly improved. However, the gap between rich and poor still exists, which restricts the further development of society. In order to study the relationship between social security expenditure and human common development, we constructed, for this paper, the Human Common Development Index, and made a regression analysis between social security expenditure and human common development. The results showed that, in China, obvious and remarkable progress has been made in human common development. There were differences between regions—high in the east and low in the west—but the gap between regions was narrowing. There was an inverted U-shaped relationship between social security expenditure and human common development. At present, social security expenditure per capita in most provinces has not reached the inflection point. The Chinese government should pay attention to the important role of social security, optimize social security expenditure, and improve the accuracy and effectiveness of social security expenditure. In addition, the Chinese government should also improve the urbanization rate and promote economic development.

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Financial resource of public social security expenditure, the rule of law, and economic inequality: international comparison of legal origins

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

The Moderating Effect of Income Inequality on the Relationship between Economic growth and Political Economy, Human capital, Innovation, and Saving Channels in Ethiopia

The Moderating Effect of Income Inequality on the Relationship between Economic growth and Political Economy, Human capital, Innovation, and Saving Channels in Ethiopia

Maternity Leave and Gender Equality: Comparative Studies of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand

The Impact of Social Security Expenditure on Human Common Development: Evidence from China’s Provincial Panel Data

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