Financial Terror

Sullivan, Brandon; Freilich, Joshua D.; Chermak, Steven M.

doi:10.1002/9781118923986.ch27

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Another important area of research is to compare FRE financial crime to other types of crimes associated with other extremist ideologies. In contrast to FRE that have engaged mostly in financial crimes centered on an anti-government ideology, jihadi extremists have committed mostly monetary and material support crimes such as providing money or other resources, supplies, training, or personnel to foreign terrorist organizations or causes (Sullivan, Freilich, & Chermak, 2016). Meanwhile, we have not to date identified any financial schemes associated with far-left ideologies (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Examination of the American Far Right’s Anti-Tax Financial Crimes

Sullivan

Freilich

Chermak

2019

Criminal Justice Review

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Little attention has been paid to ideologically motivated tax protesters who use frivolous legal arguments as moral or legal justification for committing tax fraud and related financial crimes. These crimes have defrauded private citizens and governments and are associated with violent far-right extremism, negatively impacting public safety and stability. Using data from the U.S. Extremist Financial Crime Database, we provide an exploratory, descriptive analysis of the composition and motivation of financial crime schemes associated with the American far-right extremist anti-tax movement. Our innovative open-source database permits systematic empirical research into connections among tax avoidance, anti-tax, and anti-government belief and related criminal behavior, which is necessary for the advancement of scholarship on the causes and consequences of these frauds and the development of sound intervention and prevention policies and practices.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Examination of the American Far Right’s Anti-Tax Financial Crimes

Sullivan

Freilich

Chermak

2019

Criminal Justice Review

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“…Essentially, people can adopt radicalized worldviews without acting upon them. However, when they do, such behavioral radicalization can include a range of both legal and illegal activities beyond terrorist violence, such as spreading propaganda, raising funds, recruiting new members, or vying for political power through democratic means [79][80][81]. In other words, although radicalization has become almost synonymous with terrorism, radicalized behavior can take a variety of forms, including both essentially legal and non-violent activism, as well as clearly illegal political violence [82,83].…”

Section: Researching Involvement In Terrorist Violencementioning

confidence: 99%

Contextualizing involvement in terrorist violence by considering non-significant findings: Using null results and temporal perspectives to better understand radicalization outcomes

Schuurman,

Carthy

2023

PLoS ONE

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Irrespective of discipline, the publication of null or non-significant findings is rare in the social sciences. For burgeoning fields like terrorism research, this is particularly problematic. As well as increasing the likelihood of Type II errors, the selective reporting of significant findings ultimately impedes progression, hindering comprehensive syntheses of evidence and enabling ill-supported lines of scientific enquiry to persist. This manuscript discusses several structural and individual-level variables which failed to produce significant, linear associations with involvement in terrorist violence in a dataset (N = 206) of right-wing and jihadist extremists active in Europe and North America. After considering methodological factors such as non-random distributions of missing data, we illustrate how certain variables are significantly associated with involvement in terrorist violence at particular periods in a radicalizing individual’s lifespan, but not others (i.e., pre- or post-radicalization onset). Moreover, we demonstrate that while some static, binary constructs (such as whether or not a radicalizing individual was exposed to diverse viewpoints) are not associated with terrorist violence, their influence over time produces different associations. We conclude that radicalization may be less about individuals having pre-disposing risk factors, such as biographical stressors, and more about cognitive changes that allow individuals to re-evaluate their lives through the lens of an extremist ideology. We also underline the importance of taking a temporal, rather than static, perspective to better understand the variables associated with the outcomes of radicalization trajectories.

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“…Radicalized individuals can enact their ideological aims through a variety of means, encompassing legal as well as illegal activities (Horgan et al., 2018). Examples include spreading propaganda online (Rieger et al., 2020), providing financial support to extremist organizations (Sullivan et al., 2017), or collectively pursuing political power through electoral participation (Ellinas & Lamprianou, 2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding (non)involvement in terrorist violence: What sets extremists who use terrorist violence apart from those who do not?

Schuurman

Carthy

2023

Criminology & Public Policy

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Research summaryWe compare European and North American radicalization trajectories that led to involvement in terrorist violence (n = 103) with those for which this outcome did not occur (n = 103). Regression analyses illustrate how involvement in terrorist violence is determined not only by the presence of risk, but also the absence of protective factors. Bivariate analyses highlight the importance of considering the temporality of these factors; i.e., whether they are present before or after radicalization onset. The most salient risk factors identified were alignment with a group or movement with an exclusively violent strategic logic, and access to weapons. In terms of protective factors, parenting children during radicalization, self‐control, and participation in extremist groups with a strategic logic that was not exclusively focused on violent means were all associated with noninvolvement in terrorist violence.Policy implicationsDifferent patterns of risk and protective factors influence whether radicalization will, or will not, lead to involvement in terrorist violence. One‐size‐fits‐all radicalization‐prevention efforts may therefore be less effective than programs tailored to address a particular outcome. Even when terrorist violence is prevented, the targeted individual is likely to remain radicalized. Preventative efforts must carefully assess whether the measures used to avert terrorist violence in the short‐term risk contributing to a longer term societal threat. The efficacy of preventative efforts depends in part on when they are deployed, that is, before or after radicalization onset.

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Financial Terror

Cited by 4 publications

References 28 publications

An Examination of the American Far Right’s Anti-Tax Financial Crimes

An Examination of the American Far Right’s Anti-Tax Financial Crimes

Contextualizing involvement in terrorist violence by considering non-significant findings: Using null results and temporal perspectives to better understand radicalization outcomes

Understanding (non)involvement in terrorist violence: What sets extremists who use terrorist violence apart from those who do not?

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