Finding Bunaq: The homeland and expansion of the Bunaq in central Timor

Schapper, Antoinette

doi:10.22459/lltl.12.2011.08

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…While documentation of all the Timor languages is now underway, identifying cognates remains difficult due to significant relexification, motivated in particular by contact with Austronesians. Items borrowed from Austronesian languages dominate basic semantic domains such as as kin, governance, material culture, and agriculture across the Papuan languages of Timor (see, for example, Huber 2011:40-43, McWilliam 2007, Schapper 2010. For instance, on a basic Swadesh 200-word list for Bunaq, 40 items can be identified as borrowed from neighbouring Austronesian languages.…”

Section: Wider Genetic Affiliationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar

Holton¹,

Klamer²,

Kratochvíl³

et al. 2012

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The historical relations of the Papuan languages scattered across the islands of the Alor archipelago, Timor, and Kisar in southeast Indonesia have remained largely conjectural. This paper makes a first step towards demonstrating that the languages of Alor and Pantar form a single genealogical group. Applying the comparative method to primary lexical data from twelve languages sampled across the islands of the Alor-Pantar archipelago, we use form-meaning pairings in basic cognate sets to establish regular sound correspondences that support the view these languages as genetically related. We reconstruct 97 Proto-Alor-Pantar vocabulary items and propose an internal subgrouping based on shared innovations. Finally, we compare Alor-Pantar with Papuan languages of Timor and with Trans-New Guinea languages, concluding that there is no lexical evidence supporting the inclusion of Alor-Pantar languages in the Trans-New Guinea family.

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Section: Wider Genetic Affiliationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar

Holton¹,

Klamer²,

Kratochvíl³

et al. 2012

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“…According to linguists, AN languages have influenced and expanded into NAN language territories and vice versa within East Timor. [25][26][27] Evidence of a slow ongoing tendency to language admixture of AN and NAN languages caused by loan words, language shifts and similar Austronesian cultural behaviour (independent of their speakers' linguistic affiliations) have been noted. 28,29 The NRY and mtDNA data not only clearly show the dual genetic origin of East Timorese in E/SEA and NO, in line with linguistic evidence, they also demonstrate that considerable mixing between members of both major linguistic groups had occurred during the population history of East Timor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of gene–language correlation due to reciprocal female but directional male admixture in Austronesians and non-Austronesians of East Timor

et al. 2016

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Nusa Tenggara, including East Timor, located at the crossroad between Island Southeast Asia, Near Oceania, and Australia, are characterized by a complex cultural structure harbouring speakers from two different major linguistic groups of different geographic origins (Austronesian (AN) and non-Austronesian (NAN)). This provides suitable possibilities to study gene-language relationship; however, previous studies from other parts of Nusa Tenggara reported conflicting evidence about gene-language correlation in this region. Aiming to investigate gene-language relationships including sex-mediated aspects in East Timor, we analysed the paternally inherited non-recombining part of the Y chromosome (NRY) and the maternally inherited mitochondrial (mt) DNA in a representative collection of AN-and NAN-speaking groups. Y-SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) data were newly generated for 273 samples and combined with previously established Y-STR (short tandem repeat) data of the same samples, and with previously established mtDNA data of 290 different samples with, however, very similar representation of geographic and linguistic coverage of the country. We found NRY and mtDNA haplogroups of previously described putative East/ Southeast Asian (E/SEA) and Near Oceanian (NO) origins in both AN and NAN speakers of East Timor, albeit in different proportions, suggesting reciprocal genetic admixture between both linguistic groups for females, but directional admixture for males. Our data underline the dual genetic origin of East Timorese in E/SEA and NO, and highlight that substantial genetic admixture between the two major linguistic groups had occurred, more so via women than men. Our study therefore provides another example where languages and genes do not conform due to sex-biased genetic admixture across major linguistic groups.

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“…This bilingualism in Austronesian languages has meant that borrowing and adaptation from Austronesian language and society pervades every aspect of the Bunaq language (see, for example, Berthe 1959Berthe , 1963. The sheer number of foreign words and constructions in Bunaq points not merely to millennia of Austronesian contact and multilingualism on the part of the Bunaq, but to their readiness to borrow in order to make their language's stock richer and more subtle (Schapper 2010(Schapper , 2011a(Schapper , 2011b.…”

Section: Ethnographic and Linguistic Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hul Topol - Fall of the Moon A narrative of etiologies from the Bunaq of Lamaknen

Schapper

2016

Wacana

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This article makes a contribution to the documentation of the genre of oral literature known as zapal amongst the Bunaq, a Papuan-speaking group of central Timor. I present an annotated and translated version of the elaborate zapal entitled Hul Topol or Fall of the Moon. Hul Topol is a lengthy, multi-event narrative which gives etiologies spanning the realms of subsistence, cultural practice and natural order including animal behaviour and appearance.

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Finding Bunaq: The homeland and expansion of the Bunaq in central Timor

Cited by 13 publications

References 5 publications

The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar

The Historical Relations of the Papuan Languages of Alor and Pantar

Lack of gene–language correlation due to reciprocal female but directional male admixture in Austronesians and non-Austronesians of East Timor

Hul Topol - Fall of the Moon A narrative of etiologies from the Bunaq of Lamaknen

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