Finding the optimum between volatility and cycle temperatures in solar thermochemical hydrogen production: Pb/PbO pair

Çalışan, Atalay; Ogulgonen, C. Guvenc; Kıncal, Serkan; Üner, Deniz

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.12.189

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…This is because annealing increases the collisions between molecules and thus has the lowest kinetic energy. Figure (3) shows the results of the granularity distribution of average diameter obtained from the AFM analysis of the PbO thin films. The value of grain size distribution of the films was clear at room temperature (RT) and annealing temperature.…”

Section: Atomic Force Microscopy (Afm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The plot of ln (α) and energy was drawn as shown in Figure (7). The width values on localized states are determined and listed in Table (3). Thus the drastic reduction of energy gap value can be explained based on the high energy of thermal treatment, which introduce energy levels in the forbidden gap which causes radical changes in the carries concentration; these new levels may be acceptors at the top of the VB or donor levels below the CB Thus; definitely, the energy required to transport the charge carrier between these levels will be lower than that required to transport the charge carrier from the VB to the CB [37].…”

Section: Uv-vis Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The localized states are more pronounced for the high annealing time; also, the crystal structure exhibited a low degree of crystallinity (as shown from XRD). It is well known that the depth of localized state values increases with increasing absorbance, i.e., the maximum value of (Eu) corresponding to the minimum energy gap value, which is related to the defect states introduced by the thermal annealing, as seen in Table (3).…”

Section: Uv-vis Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Rauuf

Aadim

2023

Iraqi Journal of Science

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In this work, lead oxide (PbO) thin films were deposited using D.C. sputtering method on a surface of glass substrates and then thermally annealed at a temperature of 473K with annealing times of (1,2 and 3) hours. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of films were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FT-IR, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The structure studies confirmed that PbO films are polycrystalline structures in an orthorhombic phase with average grain size (24.51, 29.64, 46.49, 16) nm with increasing annealing time. From AFM, the roughness of the film surface (3.26, 1.76, 1.61, 1.79) nm as the film annealing time increases. The optical band gap values of the PbO thin films are (3.9, 2.8, 3.7, 2.4) eV as the annealing time increases.

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Section: Atomic Force Microscopy (Afm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uv-vis Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uv-vis Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Rauuf

Aadim

2023

Iraqi Journal of Science

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“…[1][2][3][4] With excessive fossil fuel consumption causing environmental pollution, climate change, and a need for sustainable energy solutions, the production of renewable energy sources has evolved into a crucial subject for the continuity and development of society, economy, and technology. [5][6][7][8][9][10] Solar energy, in particular, can be harnessed through solar cells or stored as chemical fuels, representing an enticing solution for energy storage and utilization. With its simplicity and compatibility for large-scale solar hydrogen production, the photocatalytic overall water splitting (OWS) is widely considered as one of potential methods for hydrogen production from renewable energy sources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to Enhance Interfacial Spatial Charge Separation for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Overall Water‐Splitting: A Review

Odabasi Lee,

Lakhera,

Yong

2023

Adv Energy and Sustain Res

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Developing efficient photocatalysts for overall water‐splitting (OWS) has garnered considerable attention due to their potential in renewable energy conversion and storage. Enhancing the efficiency of interfacial spatial charge separation poses a key challenge in this field, as it plays a momentous role in the photocatalytic process. In this review article, a range of strategies aimed at improving interfacial spatial charge separation in photocatalysts for realizing high‐efficiency OWS are explored. To provide a comprehensive understanding, first the fundamentals of photocatalytic water‐splitting are introduced and the main bottlenecks in the reaction process, along with various charge separation and transfer mechanisms are identified. Subsequently, recent advancements and efforts in designing spatial charge separation at the interfaces of 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructured photocatalysts are discussed. Finally, a summary is presented and a long‐term outlook for spatial charge separation in the field of OWS is offered. By consolidating the current state‐of‐the‐art research, this review highlights the key challenges and favorable circumstances for future advancements in the pursuit of efficient OWS.

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“…Understanding and finding a route toward an efficient water-splitting reaction is not only important for energy and technological applications but also essential from the fundamental point of view. Several different model systems like titania or perovskite surfaces have been proposed and investigated for this purpose. − Existing routes for hydrogen production from renewable energy include (i) using renewable electricity for electrolysis of water, (ii) using concentrated solar energy for steam and/or carbon dioxide reforming of methane, , and (iii) photoassisted catalytic or electrochemical water splitting . If proven successful, photo(electro)chemical production of hydrogen is the most attractive due to the simplicity of the process and the potential this simple process offers …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating the Barriers on Direct Water Splitting: Key Role of Oxygen Vacancy Density and Coordination over PbTiO₃ and TiO₂

et al. 2021

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In this work, using the state-of-the-art firstprinciples calculations based on density functional theory, we found that the concentration and coordination of surface oxygen vacancies with respect to each other were critical for the direct water-splitting reaction on the (001) surfaces of PbTiO 3 and TiO 2 . For the water-splitting reaction to happen on TiO 2 -terminated surfaces, it is necessary to have two neighboring O vacancies acting as active sites that host two adsorbing water molecules. However, eventual dissociation of O−H bonds is possible only in the presence of an additional nearest-neighbor O vacancy. Unfortunately, this necessary third vacancy inhibits the formation of molecular hydrogen by trapping the dissociated H atoms on TiO 2terminated surfaces. Formation of up to three O vacancies is energetically less costly on both terminations of PbTiO 3 (001) surfaces compared with those on TiO 2 ; the presence of Pb leads to weaker O bonds over these surfaces. Molecular hydrogen formation is more favorable on the PbO-terminated surface of PbTiO 3 , requiring only two neighboring oxygen vacancies. However, the hydrogen molecule is retained near the surface by weak van der Waals forces. Our study indicates two barriers leading to low productivity of direct water-splitting processes. First and foremost, there is an entropic barrier imposed by the requirement of at least two nearest-neighbor O vacancies, sterically hindering the process. Furthermore, there are also enthalpic barriers of formation on TiO 2 -terminated surfaces or removal of H 2 molecules from the PbOterminated surface. The requirement dictating three nearest-neighbor oxygen vacancies for hydrogen evolution is also consistent with the chemical intuition: The nearest neighbor of the formed hydrogen should be reduced enough to inhibit spontaneous oxidation under ambient conditions.

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Finding the optimum between volatility and cycle temperatures in solar thermochemical hydrogen production: Pb/PbO pair

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Strategies to Enhance Interfacial Spatial Charge Separation for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Overall Water‐Splitting: A Review

Elucidating the Barriers on Direct Water Splitting: Key Role of Oxygen Vacancy Density and Coordination over PbTiO₃ and TiO₂

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Finding the optimum between volatility and cycle temperatures in solar thermochemical hydrogen production: Pb/PbO pair

Cited by 6 publications

References 26 publications

Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Effect of Annealing Times on the Structural and Optical Properties of PbO Thin Films Prepared by D.C Sputtering

Strategies to Enhance Interfacial Spatial Charge Separation for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Overall Water‐Splitting: A Review

Elucidating the Barriers on Direct Water Splitting: Key Role of Oxygen Vacancy Density and Coordination over PbTiO3 and TiO2

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Product

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Elucidating the Barriers on Direct Water Splitting: Key Role of Oxygen Vacancy Density and Coordination over PbTiO₃ and TiO₂