Fine Chemicals From Coal

Shearon, Will H.; Hall, H; Stevens, J.

doi:10.1021/ie50477a008

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…The results observed in this work suggest that nanorods can also form under milder conditions (30-35 °C and 4 h) and high Ce/CTAB molar ratios (3.8). The textural characterization of the calcined MCM-41 materials was performed by N2 physisorption using t-plot curves obtained from analytical functions for each portion of the P/P0 domain (see Equations (5)- (8) in Materials and Methods) [86]. The initial part of the curve was used to calculate the total specific surface area (Stotal) of the materials using the slope of the linear fit going through the origin (red line in Figure 10a).…”

Section: Spectroscopy Studies (Ftir Uv-vis Raman and 29 Si Mas-nmr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This hysteresis was type H1 according to the IUPAC classification [87] and could be associated with a narrow and uniform pore size distribution. This result implies that the MCM-41 pore system in cerium-incorporated materials was preserved and that the long-range The textural characterization of the calcined MCM-41 materials was performed by N 2 physisorption using t-plot curves obtained from analytical functions for each portion of the P/P 0 domain (see Equations (5)- (8) in Materials and Methods) [86]. The initial part of the curve was used to calculate the total specific surface area (S total ) of the materials using the slope of the linear fit going through the origin (red line in Figure 10a).…”

Section: Spectroscopy Studies (Ftir Uv-vis Raman and 29 Si Mas-nmr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Si-MCM-41 as catalyst. 8 Not available. To further optimize the system, the use of solvents was tested to observe if the changes in hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the medium can affect positively the reaction towards better BzD yields.…”

Section: Catalytic Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to an economic report from Transparent Market Research [7], the global revenue of the benzaldehyde market surpassed US$234 million in 2014 and the demand of approximately 80 Mt is expected to increase 3.06% until 2023. Since the last century, benzaldehyde is produced following two main industrial processes [6,8]: (i) The alkali hydrolysis of benzal chloride; and (ii) the aerobic oxidation of toluene. Both reaction pathways present environmental and procedural drawbacks: High basicity of effluents and a large amount of residues in the alkali hydrolysis; and high pressure and temperature at the expense of low conversions in the aerobic oxidation [6,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the last century, benzaldehyde is produced following two main industrial processes [6,8]: (i) The alkali hydrolysis of benzal chloride; and (ii) the aerobic oxidation of toluene. Both reaction pathways present environmental and procedural drawbacks: High basicity of effluents and a large amount of residues in the alkali hydrolysis; and high pressure and temperature at the expense of low conversions in the aerobic oxidation [6,8]. Thus, the development of safer, more efficient, and environmentally friendly technologies to improve the production of benzaldehyde is of great interest to the fine chemical industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cerium Precursor in the Synthesis of Ce-MCM-41 and in the Efficiency for Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

2019

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Understanding the effects of synthetic parameters in the catalytic activity of heterogeneous catalysts is of utmost importance when aiming for optimal reaction conditions. Hence, we disclose in this work the synthesis and characterization of cerium-modified MCM-41 materials. In addition, it was observed for the first time, differences in catalytic activity when using different cerium synthetic precursors: CeCl3·7H2O and Ce(NO3)3·6H2O (Ce-MCM-Cl and Ce-MCM-NO3, respectively). A mechanism for cerium incorporation in MCM-41 was proposed, where [Ce(OH)3] species were hydrogen bonded to silicate anions, forming framework Ce-O-Si bonds during condensation and, consequently, causing distortion of the typical hexagonal mesophase. It was also observed that Ce(OH)3 formed aggregated layers with template assemblies during synthesis, resulting in non-framework CeO2 species on the MCM-41 surface after calcination. These CeO2 species were preferentially formed for Ce-MCM-NO3 and were attributed to the nitrate ions’ strong binding to template molecules. In the solvent free liquid-phase oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BzOH), Ce-MCM-Cl achieved better BzOH conversions and benzaldehyde (BzD) yields, while Ce-MCM-NO3 offered increased BzD selectivity. The catalysts’ reusability was also studied over three catalytic runs, where Ce-MCM-NO3 was more resistant than Ce-MCM-Cl towards deactivation. The observed catalytic behavior shows the importance of metal precursors in the obtainment of materials with desirable final properties.

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Section: Spectroscopy Studies (Ftir Uv-vis Raman and 29 Si Mas-nmr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Spectroscopy Studies (Ftir Uv-vis Raman and 29 Si Mas-nmr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Catalytic Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of Cerium Precursor in the Synthesis of Ce-MCM-41 and in the Efficiency for Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

2019

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Benzaldehyde

Opgrande¹,

Dobratz²,

Brown³

et al. 2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Benzaldehyde, C 6 H 5 CHO, is the simplest and possibly the most industrially useful member of the family of aromatic aldehydes. Benzaldehyde exists in nature, primarily in combined forms such as a glycoside in almond, apricot, cherry, and peach seeds. The characteristic benzaldehyde odor of oil of bitter almond occurs because of trace amounts of free benzaldehyde formed by hydrolysis of the glycoside amygdalin. Benzaldehyde is a versatile intermediate because of its reactive aldehyde hydrogen, its carbonyl group, and the benzene ring. The only industrially important processes for the manufacturing of synthetic benzaldehyde involve the hydrolysis of benzal chloride and the air oxidation of toluene. The hydrolysis of benzal chloride is no longer utilized in the United States. Benzaldehyde is produced in the United States by Kalama Chemical Incorporated, Kalama, Washington. Benzaldehyde is sold as technical grade or as meeting the specifications of the National Formulary (NF), the Food Chemicals Codex (FCC), or the British Pharmacopeia (BP). The oral LD 50 for benzaldehyde is reported as 1300 mg/kg in rats and as 1000 mg/kg in guinea pigs. Based upon these values, benzaldehyde is considered a moderately toxic substance when ingested. Overexposure to benzaldehyde vapors is irritating to the upper respiratory tract and produces central nervous system depression, with respiratory failure possible. The low autoignition temperature of benzaldehyde (192°) presents safety problems. Benzaldehyde may also spontaneously ignite when soaked into rags or clothing or adsorbed onto activated carbon. Bulk storage of benzaldehyde should be made under a nitrogen blanket. Benzaldehyde is a synthetic flavoring substance, sanctioned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for foods. Both “pure almond extract” and “imitation almond extract” are offered for sale; each contains 2.0–2.5 wt % benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is also recognized as safe for use as a bee repellant in the harvesting of honey. Benzaldehyde's most important use is in organic synthesis, where it is the raw material utilized to produce various aldehydes.

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Benzaldehyde

Opgrande¹,

Brown²,

Hesser³

et al. 2003

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Benzaldehyde is the simplest and quite possibly the most industrially useful aromatic aldehyde. It is manufactured from toluene, either by chlorination, followed by hydrolysis, or by liquid phase air oxidation. The air oxidation of toluene to produce benzoic acid is the source of most of the world's synthetic benzaldehyde. Benzaldehyde is widely used directly, as a synthetic flavoring substance, or as a raw material in the synthesis of industrially important derivatives such as benzyl alcohol, benzoin and benzil and several benzyl amines. The hydrogenation of benzaldehyde to form benzyl alcohol is the largest single use of benzaldehyde. In addition, benzaldehyde serves as the major raw material a wide variety of fragrance compounds are derivatives of benzaldehyde. The major products in the fragrance category are cinnamic aldehyde and a number of substituted cinnamic aldehydes; such as methyl, butyl, amyl, and hexyl cinnamic aldehydes.

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Fine Chemicals From Coal

Cited by 12 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of Cerium Precursor in the Synthesis of Ce-MCM-41 and in the Efficiency for Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

Effect of Cerium Precursor in the Synthesis of Ce-MCM-41 and in the Efficiency for Liquid-Phase Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol

Benzaldehyde

Benzaldehyde

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