Fine (PM 2.5 ), coarse (PM 2.5–10 ), and metallic elements of suspended particulates for incense burning at Tzu Yun Yen temple in central Taiwan

Fang, Guor‐Cheng; Chang, Cheng‐Nan; Chu, Chenglin; Wu, Yuh-Shen; Fu, Peter P.; Chang, Shyh-Chyi; Yang, I-Lin

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(03)00124-3

Cited by 62 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Joss paper burning has been found to be a significant source of toxic substances, e.g., PM (Fan and Zhang, 2001;Fang et al, 2002), metals (Lau and Luk, 2001;Fang et al, 2003), and PAHs (Chao et al, 1997;Lin et al, 2002;Lung and Hu, 2003;Fang et al, 2004;Yang et al, 2005;Yang et al, 2007;Rao et al, 2008). As a result, the health of people working in temples, visitors, and residents living nearby might be affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Chen

Lai

et al. 2009

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Two types of furnaces (a mid-size furnace denoted as Furnace 1 and a small-size one denoted as Furnace 2) commonly used for burning joss paper, located in two temples in southern Taiwan, were selected for this study. With similar burning devices (semi-open systems), both furnaces can be used to burn joss paper with the aid of natural air supply through the inlets of furnace. In order to characterize peak emission of PCDD/Fs (usually on festival days) in the selected temples, the sampling campaigns were conducted during the festival period in September 2008. It was found that the mean total I-TEQ contents in the original (unburned) joss paper from Furnaces 1 and 2 were 1.41 and 4.51 ng I-TEQ/kg, respectively. The mean total I-TEQ content in the residue of burned joss paper from Furnace 1 (7.97 ng I-TEQ/kg) was approximately 15-fold that of Furnace 2 (0.490 ng I-TEQ/kg). OCDD was the most abundant congener in the joss paper and in the residues from burned joss paper. Moreover, the emission factor of total PCDD/Fs I-TEQ content of Furnace 1 (0.176 ng I-TEQ/g-feedstock) was one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of Furnace 2 (0.0203 I-TEQ/g-feedstock). This phenomenon is probably associated with the high chlorine content in the unburned joss paper of Furnace 1, and high exhaust temperature from burning joss paper in Furnace 1 (271°C) was possibly within a range that might highly promote de novo formation of PCDD/Fs. It is necessary for the investigated furnaces to install air pollution control devices in order to reduce the PCDD/F emission from joss paper burning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Chen

Lai

et al. 2009

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…The harmful health effects can be attributed to the various contaminants present in incense smoke, including gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), sulfur oxides (SO x ) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) [4][5][6][7][8], and particulate matter (PM) and adsorbed toxic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and toxic metals) [4,5,7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and composition, both of which are important factors in determining the effects of inhaled particles on human health [20]. In general, particles generated from combustion sources, for instance, incense burning, are submicron in size and contain a host of harmful compounds [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, the bulk of the research on particulates in incense smoke concentrated on determining the timeintegrated mass concentrations of total suspended particles (TSP), PM 10 (PMp10 mm), PM 2.5 (PMp2.5 mm), or sizedistributed particles [5,7,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In contrast, only a few studies measured the real-time size distribution and concentration of particles [4,9,10], an approach deemed to be a better indicator of human exposure due to the variability of emissions in space and time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke

See

Balasubramanian

Joshi

2007

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Incense is habitually burned in various religious settings ranging from the Eastern temples to the Western churches and in residential homes of their devotees, representing one of the most significant sources of combustion-derived particulate matter in indoor air. Incense smoke has been known to be associated with adverse health effects, which could be due to the release of the submicron-sized particles, including ultrafine and nanoparticles. However, there is currently a lack of information available in the literature on the emission rates of particles from incense smoke in terms of their particle number, a metric generally regarded as a better indicator of health risks rather than the particle mass. In this study, real-time characterization of the size distribution and number concentration of sub-micrometer-sized particles (5.6-560 nm) emitted from incense smoke was made, for the first time, for four different brands of sandalwood and aloeswood incense sticks commonly used by different religious groups. In addition, the respective emission rates were determined on hourly and mass basis based on mass balance equations. The measurements showed that the particle emission rates ranged from 5.10 Â 10 12 to 1.42 Â 10 13 h À1 or 3.66 Â 10 12 to 1.23 Â 10 13 g À1 and that the peak diameters varied from 93.1 to 143.3 nm. Airborne particles in the nanometer range (5.6-50 nm), in the ultrafine range (50-100 nm) and in the accumulation mode range (100-560 nm) accounted for 1% to 6%, 16% to 55% and 40% to 60% of the total particle counts, respectively, depending on the brand of incense sticks. To assess the potential health threat due to inhalation of particles released from incense burning, the number of particles of different sizes that can be possibly deposited in the respiratory tract were evaluated for an exposed individual based on known deposition fractions in the literature. The findings indicate that incense smoke may pose adverse health effects depending on exposure duration and intensity. r

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“…The burning of solid biomaterial such as incense, joss paper, tobacco, and wood has been demonstrated to significantly generate particulate matter (PM) (Fang et al, 2003;Choosong et al, 2010;Ning and Sioutas, 2010), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Yang et al, 2007;Lo et al, 2011), and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) (Wu et al, 2010;Chiu et al, 2011;Lin et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Air Pollution Emissions from Burning Incense with the Addition of Calcium Carbonate

Yang

Lin

Peng

et al. 2012

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A laboratory-scale study was performed to quantify the pollutant reduction effects from burning incense with the addition of CaCO 3 . Many studies have investigated the effects of burning incense on the quality of surrounding air, focusing primarily on particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). However, the reduction of PM and PAHs from burning incense has received little attention. In our past study, we investigated nine types of commercially available incense and found that incense with a higher CaCO 3 content had lower PM and PAH emissions factors. Five to thirty percent of CaCO 3 was added to Liao and Chen incense powder, which are popular incense materials. The experimental results indicate that the reductions in the emissions of PM and PAHs from burning incense increased with along with amount of CaCO 3 additive. Mean PM reductions for 5.0%, 10.0%, 20.0%, and 30.0% CaCO 3 were 11 ± 2%, 15 ± 3%, 27 ± 1%, and 41 ± 3%, respectively. Mean particle-phase PAHs (P-PAHs) reductions were 9 ± 9%, 15 ± 5%, 22 ± 1%, and 28 ± 1%, respectively, and 5 ± 6%, 21 ± 1%, 21 ± 3%, and 30 ± 2% for total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (total BaP eq ), respectively. This study was performed to quantify the reduction of PM and PAH emissions from burning incense with increasing amounts of CaCO 3 . The findings of this study may serve as a guide to producing safer and less-polluting incense.

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Fine (PM 2.5 ), coarse (PM 2.5–10 ), and metallic elements of suspended particulates for incense burning at Tzu Yun Yen temple in central Taiwan

Cited by 62 publications

References 16 publications

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Characteristics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins/Dibenzofuran from Joss Paper Burned in Taiwanese Temples

Physical characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from incense smoke

Reducing Air Pollution Emissions from Burning Incense with the Addition of Calcium Carbonate

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