Fine‐scale geographic clustering pattern of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 infection among blood donors in Kyushu‐Okinawa, Japan

Sagara, Yasuko; Iwanaga, Masako; Morita, Mamoru; Sagara, Yusuke; Nakamura, Hitomi; Hirayama, Hideaki; Irita, Kazuo

doi:10.1002/jmv.25239

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…This study was conducted at Okinawa Chubu Hospital in Okinawa, Japan, which has a subtropical climate; strongyloidiasis is endemic to Okinawa (19). The region also has a high prevalence of HTLV-1 infection (20). Okinawa Chubu Hospital is one of the largest teaching hospitals in Okinawa.…”

Section: Study Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Characteristics of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis, Japan, 1975–2017

Mukaigawara¹,

Narita²,

Shiiki³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Clinical characteristics of disseminated strongyloidiasis, the severest form of strongyloidiasis, are not well described. We conducted a retrospective, consecutive chart review of patients with disseminated strongyloidiasis admitted to Okinawa Chubu Hospital in Okinawa, Japan, during January 1975-December 2017. The 70 patients were classified into 3 clinical phenotypes: dissemination (32 patients [45.7%]), occult dissemination with meningitis caused by enteric organisms (12 patients [17.1%]), and occult dissemination with culture-negative suppurative meningitis (26 patients [37.1%]). Associated mortality rates were 56.3%, 16.7%, and 11.5%, respectively, and sepsis occurred in 40.6%, 58.3%, and 11.5% of cases, respectively. Common symptoms included fever (52.9% of patients), headache (32.9%), and altered mental status (24.3%). Patients were treated with thiabendazole (before 2003) or ivermectin (after 2003). Our findings show that disseminated strongyloidiasis has clinical phenotypes in terms of severity and that identification of occult dissemination, a mild form with prominent neurologic manifestations, is lifesaving. In support of improving patient care, this activity has been planned and implemented by Medscape, LLC and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Medscape, LLC is jointly accredited by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME), the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), and the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC), to provide continuing education for the healthcare team. Medscape, LLC designates this Journal-based CME activity for a maximum of 1.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit(s)™. Physicians should claim only the credit commensurate with the extent of their participation in the activity. Successful completion of this CME activity, which includes participation in the evaluation component, enables the participant to earn up to 1.0 MOC points in the American Board of Internal Medicine's (ABIM) Maintenance of Certification (MOC) program. Participants will earn MOC points equivalent to the amount of CME credits claimed for the activity. It is the CME activity provider's responsibility to submit participant completion information to ACCME for the purpose of granting ABIM MOC credit. All other clinicians completing this activity will be issued a certificate of participation. To participate in this journal CME activity: (1) review the learning objectives and author disclosures; (2) study the education content; (3) take the post-test with a 75% minimum passing score and complete the evaluation at http://www.medscape.org/journal/eid; and (4) view/print certificate. For CME questions, see page 637.

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Section: Study Settingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Characteristics of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis, Japan, 1975–2017

Mukaigawara¹,

Narita²,

Shiiki³

et al. 2020

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…The majority of individuals with HTLV-1 infection and patients with ATL have been reported in Japan, the Caribbean islands, Central and South America, Central and South Africa, Aboriginal regions in Central Australia, parts of the Middle East and Melanesia, parts of Europe, and other small regions (IARC, 1996;Proietti et al, 2005;Gessain and Cassar, 2012). Moreover, even within such endemic areas, further clustering of people with HTLV-1 infection and patients with ATL have been recognized, particularly in Japan (Satake et al, 2012(Satake et al, , 2015Sagara et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology of HTLV-1 Infection and ATL in Japan: An Update

Iwanaga

2020

Front. Microbiol.

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Adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection that often occurs in HTLV-1endemic areas, such as Japan, the Caribbean islands, Central and South America, Intertropical Africa, and the Middle East. In Japan, the nationwide estimation of the number of HTLV-1 carriers was at least 1.08 million in 2006-2007. Furthermore, in 2016, the nationwide annual incidence of newly infected with HTLV-1 was first estimated to be 3.8 per 100,000 person-years based on the age-specific seroconversion rates of blood donors in almost all areas of Japan. The incidence rate was three times higher in women than in men, and it was estimated that at least 4,000 new HTLV-1 infections occur yearly among adolescents and adults in Japan. As well known that HTLV-1 infection alone is not a sufficient condition for ATL to develop. To date, a variety of molecular abnormalities and host susceptibilities have been reported as candidate progression factors for the development of ATL in HTLV-1-carriers. In particular, quite recently in Japan, a variety of immunosuppressive conditions have been recognized as the most important host susceptibilities associated with the development of ATL from HTLV-1-carrier status. Furthermore, in 2013-2016 in Japan, a new nationwide epidemiological study of ATL was conducted targeting patients newly diagnosed with ATL in 2010-2011, from which the most current knowledge about the epidemiological characteristics of Japanese patients with ATL was updated as follows: (1) continuing regional unevenness of the distribution of people with HTLV-1, (2) further aging, with the mean age at diagnosis being 67.5 years, (3) declining M/F ratio, (4) increase of the lymphoma subtype, (5) sex differences in subtype distribution, (6) age differences in subtype distribution, and (7) comorbidity condition. In particular, 32.2% of ATL patients had comorbid malignancies other than ATL. However, the number of deaths due to ATL in Japan has been relatively stable, at around 1,000 patients annually, without significant decline from 1999 to 2017. Because the current epidemiological evidence about HTLV-1 and ATL is insufficient, further epidemiological studies are required.

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“…The most efficient mode of transmission is via intravenous exposure with contaminated blood, 15–60%, followed by 20% efficiency of transmission from MTC through prolonged breastfeeding [ 46 , 47 ], and during peripartum, which occurs in approximately 5% of cases [ 48 ]. In certain populations, vertical transmission (i.e., MTC) is the most common route of HTLV-1 transmission, such as in the case of northern and central Australian Indigenous populations [ 10 , 43 , 49 ]. Similar trends have been observed recently in São Paulo, Brazil, where prevalence rates are currently increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger

Sharif

Pinto

Mensah

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infects 5–10 million people worldwide and is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as other inflammatory diseases. A major concern is that the most majority of individuals with HTLV-1 are asymptomatic carriers and that there is limited global attention by health care officials, setting up potential conditions for increased viral spread. HTLV-1 transmission occurs primarily through sexual intercourse, blood transfusion, intravenous drug usage, and breast feeding. Currently, there is no cure for HTLV-1 infection and only limited treatment options exist, such as class I interferons (IFN) and Zidovudine (AZT), with poor prognosis. Recently, small membrane-bound structures, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs), have received increased attention due to their potential to carry viral cargo (RNA and proteins) in multiple pathogenic infections (i.e., human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1), Zika virus, and HTLV-1). In the case of HTLV-1, EVs isolated from the peripheral blood and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) of HAM/TSP patients contained the viral transactivator protein Tax. Additionally, EVs derived from HTLV-1-infected cells (HTLV-1 EVs) promote functional effects such as cell aggregation which enhance viral spread. In this review, we present current knowledge surrounding EVs and their potential role as immune-modulating agents in cancer and other infectious diseases such as HTLV-1 and HIV-1. We discuss various features of EVs that make them prime targets for possible vehicles of future diagnostics and therapies.

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Fine‐scale geographic clustering pattern of human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 infection among blood donors in Kyushu‐Okinawa, Japan

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Clinical Characteristics of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis, Japan, 1975–2017

Clinical Characteristics of Disseminated Strongyloidiasis, Japan, 1975–2017

Epidemiology of HTLV-1 Infection and ATL in Japan: An Update

Extracellular Vesicles in HTLV-1 Communication: The Story of an Invisible Messenger

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