Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Daanen, H.A.M.

doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0818-2

Cited by 245 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…In this case the cooling is so fast that the withdrawal criteria were reached by cooling of the superficial skin before cooling could affect the deeper skin layers. Cold induced vasodilation (CIVD) was not a concern for any of the conditions tested as maximal test duration for this study was 3 minutes, CIVD is typically not observed for 5-10 minutes after the start of local cold exposure of the extremities (Daanen, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Finger skin cooling on contact with cold materials: an investigation of male and female responses during short-term exposures with a view on hand and finger size

Jay

Havenith

2004

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Abstract. This study investigates the independent effects of hand anthropometry and gender upon contact cooling responses. Subjects were selected for matching hand/finger size between genders, with equal variation between individuals of each group. Fourteen volunteers (7 male, 7 female) participated, touching blocks of aluminium and stainless steel using the first phalanx of the index finger with a contact force of 1.0N and 9.8N, at surface temperatures of -2°C and -10°C. Conditions were selected in order to elicit varying rates of skin cooling upon contact.Contact temperature (T C ) of the finger-pad was measured over time using a T-type thermocouple. Overall, no significant difference was found between the cooling responses of males and females. In order to investigate whether differences in hand anthropometry correlated with contact cooling response, a multiple regression approach was used. Analyses of the residual variance in contact cooling data after the effects of material type, surface temperature and finger contact force had been accounted for, showed that, under slow cooling conditions (over 45 seconds to reach T C = 1°C), hand size correlated significantly with contact cooling response only when represented by index finger volume (p<0.05), and gender did not. Whilst under fast cooling conditions (below 25 seconds to reach T C = 1°C), hand size did not correlate significantly with contact cooling response at all, but gender had a significant effect (p<0.001). Under slow cooling conditions, a larger finger (and most cases hands) provides a higher heat content thus giving a slower skin cooling speed. Under fast cooling conditions, the significantly longer time required for males to reach a T C of 1°C despite matching hand and finger size is attributed to higher epidermal insulation provided by the thicker stratum corneum typically found in males, combined with the higher starting skin temperature observed in the "slightly cool" environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Finger skin cooling on contact with cold materials: an investigation of male and female responses during short-term exposures with a view on hand and finger size

Jay

Havenith

2004

Eur J Appl Physiol

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“…The emergence of CIVD has been described as nonsystematic, and, hence, its function(s) as well as its causative agent(s) remain unexplainable (10,11,40). We recently proposed that CIVD is a thermoregulatory mechanism triggered by increased mean body temperature (19).…”

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confidence: 99%

Influence of thermal balance on cold-induced vasodilation

Flouris

Cheung²

2009

Journal of Applied Physiology

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We examined the effect of thermal balance perturbation on cold-induced vasodilation through a dynamic A-B-A-B design applying heat (condition A) and cold (condition B) to the body's core, while the hand is exposed to a stable cold stimulus. Fifteen healthy adults (8 men, 7 women) volunteered. Applications of heat and cold were achieved through water immersions in two tanks maintained at 42 and 12°C water temperature, respectively, in an A-B-A-B fashion. Throughout the experiment, the participants' right hand up to the ulnar styloid process was placed inside a temperature-controlled box set at 0°C air temperature. Results demonstrated that cold-induced vasodilation occurred only during condition B and at times when body heat content was decreasing but rectal temperature had not yet dropped to baseline levels. Following the occurrence of all cold-induced vasodilation events, rectal temperature was reduced, and the phenomenon ceased when rectal temperature fell below baseline. Heart rate variability data obtained before and during cold-induced vasodilation demonstrated a shift of autonomic interaction toward parasympathetic dominance, which, however, was attributed to a sympathetic withdrawal. Receiver operating characteristics curve analyses demonstrated that the cold-induced vasodilation onset cutoff points for rectal temperature change and finger temperature were 0.62 and 16.76°C, respectively. It is concluded that cold-induced vasodilation is a centrally originating phenomenon caused by sympathetic vasoconstrictor withdrawal. It is dependent on excess heat, and it may be triggered by excess heat with the purpose of preserving thermal balance.finger blood flow; thermoregulation COLD-INDUCED VASODILATION (CIVD) is a counterintuitive acute increase in local cutaneous blood flow occurring in humans and other homoeotherms exposed to cold (11), first identified in 1930 (35). The emergence of CIVD has been described as nonsystematic, and, hence, its function(s) as well as its causative agent(s) remain unexplainable (10,11,40). We recently proposed that CIVD is a thermoregulatory mechanism triggered by increased mean body temperature (19). Although our finding was based on finger temperature and not on actual blood flow data, it is supported by observations of a central component to CIVD (8,34,37,41,42,46). Furthermore, thermal balance has been shown to influence CIVD in a way that whole body cooling results in delayed CIVD onset (14,17,30,46), whereas increased thermogenesis (44) or body heat content (14) result in accelerated CIVD response.The difficulty to hitherto elucidate the CIVD response may be partly attributable to the currently incomplete understanding of its neurophysiological mechanisms. These mechanisms can be explored by monitoring heart rate variability (HRV) during CIVD because the cardiovascular adaptations to thermal stimuli are the result of a simultaneous activation of the peripheral vascular and cardiac efferent branches of the autonomic nervous system (36).Our primary objective in this experiment...

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“…The lower the temperature, the more marked the reaction was. Most experiments conducted since this time has used water temperatures of 0, 5 or 8°C to evoke CIVD (Daanen 2003).It is also possible to evoke CIVD responses using exposure to cold air. Kramer and Schulze (1948) observed that the timing of the CIVD responses was similar for ice water bath immersion and exposure to ¡18°C air in a still air box.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lower the temperature, the more marked the reaction was. Most experiments conducted since this time has used water temperatures of 0, 5 or 8°C to evoke CIVD (Daanen 2003).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cold-induced vasodilation

Daanen¹

2008

Eur J Appl Physiol

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Dear editor, In this letter I would like to challenge the correctness of the term cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) in a recent paper of Flouris et al. (2008) in this journal.The Wrst author who described CIVD was Sir Thomas Lewis, who observed that skin vasodilation occurred in the Wngers 5-10 min after exposure to cold (Lewis 1930). He found that this reaction did not occur when the water temperature in which the Wngers were immersed was higher than 18°C. The lower the temperature, the more marked the reaction was. Most experiments conducted since this time has used water temperatures of 0, 5 or 8°C to evoke CIVD (Daanen 2003).It is also possible to evoke CIVD responses using exposure to cold air. Kramer and Schulze (1948) observed that the timing of the CIVD responses was similar for ice water bath immersion and exposure to ¡18°C air in a still air box. They also observed that while most subjects showed a CIVD response in ice water, the response was often absent when the Wngers were exposed to cold air. More recent studies conWrmed that the good reproducibility of CIVD in water (O'Brien 2005) and the poor reproducibility of CIVD in cold air, in particular in the toes (Cheung and Mekjavic 2007; Van der Struijs et al. 2008). Wind speed is an important factor that increases the number of evoked CIVD responses; Brajkovic and Ducharme (2004) showed that the number of evoked CIVD responses increased from 3% at 2 m/s wind to 53% at 8 m/s wind speed.In the study of Flouris et al. (2008), 10 subjects were exposed to a cold environment (¡20°C) dressed in arctic clothing including thin gloves and arctic mittens and the Wnger temperatures were monitored. The term CIVD was used to describe the observed changes.However, in this study, the extremities were not exposed to cold and the term CIVD thus seems inappropriate. The Wnger temperatures ranged from 7.2 to 33.5°C and the observed Xuctuations during the experiment did not resemble the typical cyclic CIVD reaction. Although one cannot rule out that some CIVD may have occurred for temperatures just above 7.2°C, it is more likely that the observed temperature Xuctuations are attempts of the body to release body heat through the Wngers as a part of the normal thermoregulatory process; rather than an expression of CIVD. The mean body temperature (weighted average of core and mean skin temperature) Xuctuated around 36.5°C, which is relatively high and stresses the need to release body heat. It is well documented that the Wnger blood Xow shows a sudden increase above a certain threshold in body core temperature and is modiWed by mean skin temperature (Wyss et al. 1974;Wenger et al. 1975;Wyss et al. 1975;Daanen et al. 1992).In summary, the observed Xuctuations in Wnger skin temperature in the paper of Flouris et al. (2008) should not be termed CIVD, and are better attributed to heat loss mechanisms that depend on body core temperature and mean skin temperature.

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Finger cold-induced vasodilation: a review

Cited by 245 publications

References 86 publications

Finger skin cooling on contact with cold materials: an investigation of male and female responses during short-term exposures with a view on hand and finger size

Finger skin cooling on contact with cold materials: an investigation of male and female responses during short-term exposures with a view on hand and finger size

Influence of thermal balance on cold-induced vasodilation

Cold-induced vasodilation

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